An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans

Episode 27: The 4-1-1 on 1 and 2 or the Lowdown on Sit Downs

The Two Humans get to the bottom of human existence (literally). This may be a two-flusher!
Episode 27: The 4-1-1 on 1 and 2, OR, The Lowdown on Sit Downs
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Barlow, Ronald S.
1992 The Vanishing American Outhouse: Privy Plans, Photographs, Poems, and Folklore. Windmill Publishing Company, El Cajon, CA.
 
Baldwin, Peter C.
2014 Public Privacy: Restrooms in American Cities, 1869-1932. Journal of Social History, Winter 2014, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Winter 2014), pp. 264-288.
 
Blumer, Ronald H.
2013 Wiped: The Curious History of Toilet Paper. Middlemarch Media Press, New York, NY.
 
Cleveland Clinic 
2023 Digestive System. Cleveland Clinic, my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/7041-digestive-system.
 
Flanagan, Maureen
2014 Private Needs, Public Space. Urban History, Vol. 41, No. 2 (May 2014), pp. 265-290.
 
Greene, Kevin and Tom Moore
2010 Archaeology: An Introduction (Fifth Edition). Routledge, London, UK.
 
Haviland, William A., Dana Walrath, Harold E. L. Prins, and Bunny McBride
2011 Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge, Nineth Edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
 
Horan, Julie L
1996 The Porcelain God: A Social History of the Toilet. Carol Publishing Group, Secaucus, NJ.
 
Joyce, James
1922 Ulysses. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY.
 
Kitchin, Rob and Robin Law
2001 The Socio-Spatial Construction of (In)accessible Public Toilets. Urban Studies, February 2001, Vol. 38, No. 2, Special Issue: The Barrier Free City (February 2001), pp. 287-298.
 
Koloski-Ostrow, Ann Olga
2015 The Archaeology of Sanitation in Roman Italy: Toilets, Sewers and Water Systems. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC.
 
Magness, Jodi
2012 What’s the Poop on Ancient Toilets and Toilet Habits? Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 75, No. 2 (June 2012), pp. 80-87.
 
Melosi, Martin V. 
1981 Garbage in the Cities: Refuse, Reform, and the Environment, 1880-1980. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX.
 
Overall, Christine
2007 Public Toilets: Sex Segregation Revisited. Ethics and the Environment, Fall, 2007, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall, 2007), pp. 71-91.
 
The Portland Loo
2022 Weird American Bathroom Customs Other Countries Don’t Understand. PortlandLoo.com, May 4, 2022, https://portlandloo.com/weird-american-bathroom-customs-other-countries-dont-understand/.
 
Romano, Andrea
2023 Bathroom Etiquette Around the World So You Can Know Before You Go. Travel and Leisure, August 28, 2023, https://www.travelandleisure.com/travel-tips/travel-etiquette/bathroom-etiquette-around-the-world.
 
Todd, Ian Scott
2012 Dirty Books: Modernism and the Toilet. Modern Fiction Studies, Summer 2012, Vol. 58, No. 2 (Summer 2012), pp. 191-213.
 
Wells, Corin
2021 [Survey] Are You Guilty of These Weird and Unhealthy Bathroom Habits? Tushy, March 1, 2021, https://hellotushy.com/blogs/the-posterior/bathroom-habits#.
 

Episode 26: Bad Times for Bonzo, Things to Consider before Raising Chimps as Humans

The Two Humans discuss the issues of raising chimpanzees as humans—and it’s not just picking out their wardrobe!
Episode 26: Bad Times for Bonzo: Things to Consider before Raising Chimps as Humans From Bonzo to Bubbles, from Chim Chim to Nim.
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:ABC News
2012 Andrew Oberle: Texas Graduate Student Fights for Life After Chimp Attack. ABC News, June 29, 2012, abcnews.go.com/International/chimp-attack-texas-graduate-student-andrew-oberle-fights/story?id=16683989.
American Museum of Natural History
2023 DNA: Comparing Humans and Chimps. AMNH.org, www.amnh.org/exhibitions/ permanent/human-origins/understanding-our-past/dna-comparing-humans-and-chimps#:~:text=Humans%20and%20chimps%20share%20a,--and%20yet%20so%20different%3F.
Arbib, Michael A., Katja Liebal, and Simone Pika
2008 Primate Vocalization, Gesture, and the Evolution of Human Language. Current Anthropology, Vol. 49, No. 6 (December 2008), pp. 1053.
Cantor, Carla
2019 Project Nim Revisited. Columbia News, October 11, 2019, news.columbia.edu/ news/chimpanzee-language-project-nim-herbert-terrace.
Casady, Michelle
2012 Oliver, Famed Chimpanzee, Dies. My San Antonio, June 2, 2012, www.mysanantonio.com/news/local/article/oliver-famed-chimpanzee-dies-3605135.php.
De Cordova, Frederick (Director)
1951 Bedtime for Bonzo [Film]. Universal-International.
Denny, Rita
1985 Marking the Interaction Order: The Social Constitution of Turn Exchange and Speaking Turns. Language in Society, Mar., 1985, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Mar., 1985), pp. 41-62.
Dimri, Bipin
2021 The Strange Story of Oliver: Human, Chimpanzee, or a “Humanzee”? Historic Mysteries, October, 7, 2021, www.historicmysteries.com/oliver-chimpanzee/.
Feder, Kenneth L.  and Michael Alan Park
2007 Human Antiquity: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Gruttadaro, Andrew
2018 A Surprisingly Deep History of Celebrities Being Attacked by Primates. The Ringer, February 23, 2018, www.theringer.com/movies/2018/2/23/ 17045066/monkey-attacks-celebrity-hayden-panettiere 
Haviland, William A., Dana Walrath, Harold E. L. Prins, and Bunny McBride
2011 Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge, Nineth Edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
Hess, Elizabeth
2008 Nim Chimpsky: The Chimp Who Who Would Be Human. Bantam Books, New York, NY.
Hess, Laurie, Jose Biascoechea, Laura Brazelton, Orlando Figueroa-Diaz, et al.
2011 Exotic Animals: Appropriately Owned Pets or Inappropriately Kept Problems? Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, March 2011, Vol. 25, No. 1 (March 2011), pp. 50-56.Hill, Jane H.
1978 Apes and Language. Annual Review of Anthropology, 1978, Vol. 7 (1978), pp. 89-112.
Kappala-Ramsamy, Gemma
2011 Nim Chimpsky: The Chimp They Tried to Turn into a Human. The Guardian, July 23, 2011, www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jul/24/project-nim-chimpsky-chimpanzee-language.
Li, David K. and Kurt Chirbas
2021 Oregon Deputy Fatally Shoots Chimpanzee after It Bites Owner’s Daughter. NBC News, June 23, 2021, www.nbcnews.com/news/animal-news/oregon-deputy-fatally-shoots-chimpanzee-after-it-bites-owner-s-n1272105.
Marks, Jonathan
2002 What It Means to Be 98% Chimpanzee: Apes, People, and Their Genes. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Marsh, James (Director)
2011 Project Nim [Film]. HBO Documentary Films, BBC Films, and UK Film Council.
Nasaw, Daniel
2009 Chimpanzee Biographer: “You Can’t Trust Them.” The Guardian, February 19, 2009, www.theguardian.com/world/deadlineusa/2009/feb/19/usa-animals.
National Human Genome Research Institute
2023 Eugenics and Scientific Racism. National Human Genome Research Institute, www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Eugenics-and-Scientific-Racism.
NPR
2011 ‘Project Nim’: A Chimp’s Very Human, Very Sad Life. Fresh Air, July 20, 2011, www.npr.org/2011/07/20/138467156/project-nim-a-chimps-very-human-very-sad-life.
Pierson, David and Mitchell Landsbergy
2005 Woman Describes Being Attacked by Chimps at Sanctuary. The Washington Post, March 6, 2005, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics /2005 /03/06/ woman-describes-being-attacked-by-chimps-at-sanctuary/829b53a5-adfd-4a10-be6d-a8ba764b0c1e/.
Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, Duane M. Rumbaugh, and Sarah Boysen
1980 Do Apes Use Language? One Research Group Considers the Evidence for Representational Ability in Apes. American Scientist, January-February 1980, Vol. 68, No. 1 (January-February 1980), pp. 49-61.
Sherringham, Tia
2008 Mice, Men, and Monsters: Opposition to Chimera Research and the Scope of Federal Regulation. California Law Review, Jun., 2008, Vol. 96, No. 3 (Jun., 2008), pp. 765-800.
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
2023 What Does It Mean to Be Human? Humanorigins.si.edu, humanorigins.si.edu/ evidence/genetics#:~:text=The%201.2%25%20chimp-human%20distinction, that%20chimpanzees%20and%20humans%20share.
Van Cantfort, Thomas E. and James Rimpau
1982 Sign Language Studies with Children and Chimpanzees. Sign Language Studies, Spring 1982, No. 34 (Spring 1982), pp. 15-72.
 

Episode 25: So You’re Dead. Now What?

The Two Humans confront their own mortality when they ask the question, “Is there laughter in the Sweet Hereafter?”
Episode 25: So You’re Dead, Now What? 
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Aries, Philippe
1981 The Hour of Our Death: The Classic History of Western Attitudes Toward Death over the Last One Thousand Years (Helen Weaver, trans.). Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, NY.
 
Baugher, Sherene and Richard F. Veit
2014 The Archaeology of American Cemeteries and Gravemarkers. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL.
 
Benjamin, Kathy
2013 Funerals to Die For: The Craziest, Creepiest, and Most Bizarre Funeral Traditions and Practices Ever. Adams Media, Avon, MA.
 
Bullock, Steven C. and Sheila McIntyre
2012 The Handsome Tokens of a Funeral: Glove-Giving and the Large Funeral in Eighteenth Century New England. The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 2 (April 2012), pp. 305-346.
 
CBC
2023 English River First Nation Finds Potential Unmarked Graves in, around School Cemetery. CBC, August 10, 2023, ca.news.yahoo.com/english-river-first-nation-finds-190622847.html.
 
Crane, Lisa
2023 Unmarked Graves to Be Moved at an Alabama Zoo. WVTM 13, August 4, 2023, www.wvtm13.com/amp/article/unmarked-graves-to-be-moved-at-birmingham-zoo/44727703#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16940596954712&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.
 
Curry, Andrew
2016 Mysterious Graves Discovered at Ancient European Cemetery. National Geographic, February 11, 2016, www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/ article/160211-oldest-cemetery-burial-europe-baby-upright-germany-hunter-gatherer.
 
Danbolt, Lars
1997 A Time to Mourn. Archiv fur Religionpsychologie/Archive for the Psychology of Religion, Vol. 22 (1997), pp. 250-272.
 
Dreman, Sue
2023 Native American Graves Found at Elco Yards Development in Redwood City. Palo Alto Online, October 9, 2023, www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2023 /10/09/native-american-graves-found-at-elco-yards-development-in-redwood-city.
 
Faunce, William A. and Robert L. Fulton
1958 The Sociology of Death: A Neglected Area of Research. Social Forces, Mar., 1958, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Mar., 1958), pp. 205-209.
 
Feder, Kenneth L. and Michael Alan Park
2007 Human Antiquity: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
 
Golembiewski, Kate
2023 A “Flower Burial” Unearthed in 1960 Reshaped the Study of Neanderthals. A New Discovery Calls It into Question.” CNN, September 6, 2023, www.cnn.com/ 2023/09/06/world/neanderthal-burial-flower-pollen-scn/index.html.
 
Greene, Kevin and Tom Moore
2010 Archaeology: An Introduction (Fifth Edition). Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
 
Haviland, William A., Dana Walrath, Harold E. L. Prins, and Bunny McBride
2011 Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge, Nineth Edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
 
Hepburn, Allan
2014 The Irish Way of Dying: “Ulysses” and Funeral Processions. The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies, 2014, Vol. 38, No. 1/2 , Special Issue: Text and Beyond Text: New Visual, Material, and Spatial Perspectives in Irish Studies (2014), pp. 184-207.
 
Kubler-Ross, Elisabeth and David Kessler
2005 On Grief & Grieving: Finding the Meaning of Grief through the Five Stages of Loss. Scribner, New York, NY.
 
Maciel, Vanessa
2023 Site of Remains Found at NMHU Not Seen As Crime Scene. The Las Vegas Optic, August 31, 2023, www.lasvegasoptic.com/news/community/site-of-remains-found-at-nmhu-not-seen-as-crime-scene/article_d2f2f134-4804-11ee-80fb-bfaf7f460dcd.html.
 
McLaughlin, Grant
2023 Historic Black Cemetery Project Discovers 40 Unmarked Graves. The Dispatch, July 31, 2023, cdispatch.com/news/historic-black-cemetery-project-discovers-40-unmarked-graves/.
 
Melville, Greg
2022 Over My Dead Body: Unearthing the Hidden History of America’s Cemeteries. Abrams Press, New York, NY.
 
Mitford, Jessica
1998 The American Way of Death Revisited. Vintage Books, New York, NY.
 
Nakamaki, Hirochika
1986 Continuity and Change: Funeral Customs in Modern Japan. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Jun. – Sep., 1986, Vol. 13, No. 2/3, Religion and Society in Contemporary Japan (Jun. – Sep., 1986), pp. 177-192.
 
National Park Service
2023 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. National Park Service, www.nps.gov/subjects/nagpra/getting-started.htm.
 
Noha, Erin
2023 Marinette’s Unmarked Graves to Receive Long-Awaited Memorial. Eagle Herald, August 28, 2023, www.ehextra.com/news/marinette-s-unmarked-graves-to-receive-long-awaited-memorial/article_3bf908a8-41d4-11ee-8dc9-5f5fe83517f9.html.
 
Parker, Halle
2023 Experts Raise Concern about Unmarked Graves on Site of $4.5 Billion Hydrogen Plant. WWNO – New Orleans Public Radio, April 14, 2023, www.wwno.org/ coastal-desk/2023-04-14/experts-raise-concerns-about-unmarked-graves-on-site-of-4-5-billion-hydrogen-plant.
 
Rousselot, V. Wilfried
2023 The Rituals of Farewell: Exploring Funeral Practices around the World. V. Wilfried Rousselot, Coppell, TX.
 
Snider, Tui
2017 Understanding Cemetery Symbols: A Field Guide for Historic Graveyards. Castle Azle Press, Azle, TX.
 
Tritton, A. S.
1938 Muslim Funeral Customs. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, 1938, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1938), pp. 653-661.
 
Watkins, Christina
2023 More Than a Dozen Possible Graves Found underneath Road Leading to Historic Oviedo Cemetery. WESH 2, June 23, 2023, www.wesh.com/ article/graves-oviedo-cemetery/44316237#.
 

Episode 24: Redlines and Reindeers, a Christmas Story for a Supposedly Post-Racial World

In this holiday episode, The Two Humans have a heart-to-heart about systemic racism when they are visited by the Ghost of Christmas Past.
Episode 24 - Redlines and Reindeers: A Christmas Story for a Supposedly Post-Racial World
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Bethencourt, Fracisco
2013 Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
 
Ferraro, Gary and Susan Andreatta
2012 Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
 
Golash, Tanya Maria
2019 Race and Racisms: A Critical Approach (Brief Second Edition). Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
 
Johnson County, Kansas Museum
2022 Redlined: Cities, Suburbs, Segregation. Johnson County Park and Recreation District, Shawnee Mission, KS.
 
Kottak, Conrad Phillip
2011 Cultural Anthropology: Appreciating Cultural Diversity, Fourteenth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
 
Memmi, Albert
2000 Racism (Steve Martinot, trans.). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN.
 
Morris, Aldon D.
1984 The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. The Free Press, New York, NY.
 
Mueller, Jennifer C.
2017 Producing Colorblindness. Social Problems, May 2017, Vol. 64, No. 2 (May 2017), pp. 219-238, 332.
 
Perez, Raul
2013 Learning to Make Racism Funny in the “Color-Blind” Era: Stand-up Comedy Students, Performance Strategies, and the Reproduction of Racist Jokes in Public. Discourse & Society, July 2013, Vol. 24, No. 4 (July 2013), pp. 478-503.
2017 Racism without Hatred? Racist Humor and the Myth of “Color-Blindness.” Sociological Perspectives, October 2017, Vol. 60, No. 5, Special Issue: New Frontiers in the Study of Colorblind Racism (October 2017), pp. 956-974.
 
Wilkerson, Isabel
2020 Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. Random House, New York, NY.
 

Episode 23: Football Fans and Football Fools, the Divine Madness of Sports Fandom

The Two Humans paint their faces and tear their shirts as they investigate why football makes people so damn crazy.
Episode 23 - Football Fans and Football Fools: The Divine Madness of Sports Fandom
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Besnier, Niko, Susan Brownell, and Thomas F. Carter
2018 The Anthropology of Sport: Bodies, Borders, Biopolitics. University of California Press, Oakland, CA.
 
Brown, Timothy P.
2020 How Football Became Football: 150 Years of the Game’s Evolution. Brown House Publishing, West Bloomfield, MI.
 
Bruyneel, Kevin
2016 Race, Colonialism, and the Politics of Indian Sports Names and Mascots: The Washington Football Team Case. Native American and Indigenous Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2016), pp. 1-24.
 
Herrera, Eduardo
2018 Masculinity, Violence, and Deindividuation in Argentine Soccer Chants: The Sonic Potentials of Participatory Sounding-in Synchrony. Ethnomusicology, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Fall 2018), pp. 470-499.
 
Keys, Barbara
2013 Senses and Emotions in the History of Sport. Journal of Sports History, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Spring 2013), pp.21-38.
 
Lomax,Michael E.
1999 The African American Experience in Professional Football. Journal of Social History, Autumn, 1999, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Autumn, 1999), pp. 163-178.
 
Maffesoli, Michel
1996 The Time of the Tribes: The Decline of Individualism in Mass Society (Don Smith, Trans.). Sage Publications, London, UK. 
 
Mandelbaum, Michael
2004 The Meaning of Sports. Public Affairs, New York, NY.
 
Merrill, George E.
1903 Is Football Good Sport? The North American Review, Vol. 177, No. 564 (Nov., 1903), pp. 758-765.
 
Meyers, Chistopher C.
2009 “Unrelenting War on Football”: The Death of Richard Von Gammon and the Attempt to Ban Football in Georgia. The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Winter 2009, Vol. 93, No. 4 (Winter 2009), pp. 388-407.
 
Morris, Desmond
1981 The Soccer Tribe. Rizzoli, New York, NY.
 
Murrin, John M.
2001 Rites of Domination: Princeton, the Big Three, and the Rise of Intercollegiate Athletics. The Princeton University Library Chronicle, Vol. 62, No. 2 (Winter 2001), pp. 161-206.
 
Senkbeil, Karsten
2016 Unpopular Sport Teams and the Social Psychology of ‘Anti-Fans.’ Unpopular Culture (ed. Martin Luthe and Sascha Pohlman). Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
 
Smith, Thomas G. 
1988 Outside the Pale: The Exclusion of Blacks from the National Football League, 1934-1946. Journal of Sport History, Winter, 1988 (Vol. 15, No. 3, Special Issue: The Black Athlete in American Sport (Winter, 1988), pp. 255-281.
 
Stroeken, Koen
2002 Why ‘The World’ Loves Watching Football (And ‘The Americans’ Don’t). Anthropology Today, Jun., 2002, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Jun., 2002), pp. 9-13.
 

Episode 22: Dragons, Demons, and Monkeys

In this “very special” episode of I2AW2H, The 2H’s get real about addiction and recovery.
Episode 22: Dragons, Demons, and Monkeys
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Anonymous
1855 Improper Use of Laudanum. Scientific American, Vol. 10, No. 41 (June 23, 1855), p. 325.
 
Berridge, Virginia
1978 Opium over the Counter in Nineteenth Century England. Pharmacy in History, Vol. 20, No. 3 (1978), pp. 91-100.
 
Berridge, Virginia and Sarah Mars
2004 History of Addictions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (1979-), Vol. 58, No. 9 (Sep., 2004), pp. 747-750.
 
De Quincey, Thomas
1821 Confessions of an English Opium-Eater and Other Writings. Penguin Books, London, UK.
 
Dietler, Michael
2006 Alcohol: Anthropological/Archaeological Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 35 (2006), pp. 229-249. 
 
Dudley, Robert
2000 Evolutionary Origins of Human Alcoholism in Primate Frugivory. The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 75, No. 1 (Mar., 2000), pp. 3-15.
2004 Ethanol, Fruit Ripening, and the Historical Origins of Human Alcoholism in Primate Frugivory. Integrative and Comparative Biology, Vol. 44, No. 4, In vivo Veritas: The Comparative Biology of Ethanol Consumption (Aug., 2004), pp. 315-323.
 
Finan,Christopher M.
2017 Drunks: An American History. Beacon Press, Boston, MA.
 
Fisher, Carl Erik
2022 The Urge: Our History of Addiction. Penguin Press, New York, NY.
 
Hickman, Timothy A.
2004 “Mania Americana”: Addiction and Modernity in the United States, 1870-1920. The Journal of American History, Vol. 90, No. 4 (Mar., 2004), pp. 1269-1294.
 
Kolb, Lawrence, A. G. Du Mez and Caroline Jean Acker
2006 The Prevalence and Trend Drug Addiction in the United States and Factors Influencing It (1924) [with Commentary]. Public Health Reports (1974-), Vol. 121, Supplement 1: Historical Collection 1878-2005 (2006), pp. 160-173.
 
Larson, Cedric
1937 The Drinkers Dictionary. American Speech, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Apr., 1937), pp. 87-92.
 
Linden, David J.
2011 The Irish Ether Drinking Craze. Psychology Today, June 1, 2011, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-compass-pleasure/201106/the-irish-ether-drinking-craze-0.
 
Logan, John Frederick
1974 The Age of Intoxication. Yale French Studies, No. 50, Intoxication and Literature (1974), pp. 81-94.
Maxwell, Milton A.
1950 The Washingtonian Movement. Quarterly Journal of Studies of Alcohol, Vol. 11, 410-452.
 
Musto, David F.
1991 Opium, Cocaine and Marijuana in American History. Scientific American, Vol. 265, No. 1 (July 1991), pp. 40-47.
 
National Institute on Drug Abuse
2023 Understanding Drug Use and Addiction DrugFacts. National Institute on Drug Abuse, nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/understanding-drug-use-addiction.
 
Psychology Today
2023 Causes of Addiction. Psychology Today – Addiction Center, www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/addiction/causes-addiction.
 
Schultes, Richard Evans
1940 Teonanacatl: The Narcotic Mushroom of the Aztecs. American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 42, No. 3, Part 1 (Jul. – Sep., 1940), pp. 429-443.
 
Sheikh, Knvul
2017 Why Do We Get Addicted to Things? Live Science, October 17, 2017, www.livescience.com/60694-why-do-we-get-addicted.html.
 
White, William L.
2014 Slaying the Dragon: The History of Addiction Treatment and Recovery in America, Second Edition. Chestnut Health Systems, Bloomington, IL.
 

Episode 21: Heavy Petting, Humans’ Love Affair with Cats and Dogs

The Two Humans sit up, roll over and beg, trying to answer the age-old question: “Who’s a good boy?”
Episode 21: Heavy Petting --Humans’ Love Affair with Cats and Dogs
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Bramley, Ellie Violet
2023 The Case against Pets: Is It Time to Give Up Our Cats and Dogs? The Guardian, September 13, 2023, www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/sep/13/the-case-against-pets-is-it-time-to-give-up-our-cats-and-dogs?ref=upstract.com.
Charles, Nickie
2014 ‘Animals Just Love You as You Are’: Experiencing Kinship across the Species Barrier. Sociology, August 2014, Vol. 48, No. 4 (August 2014), pp. 715-730.
Coren, Stanley
2003 The Pawprints of History: Dogs and the Course of Human Events. Free Press, New York, NY.
Du Toit, Jessica
2016 Is Having Pets Morally Permissible? Journal of Applied Philosophy, August 2016, Vol. 33, No. 3 (August 2016), pp. 327-343.
Flannery, Maura C.
2007 Dogs and Humans. The American Biology Teacher, Sep., 2007, Vol. 69, No. 7 (Sep., 2007), pp. 422-425.
Gabriel, Rami
2023 Why Do We Have Pets? The Culture of Domestication. Psychology Today, February 26, 2023, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/me-the-self-and-i/202302/why-do-we-have-pets.
Grier, Katherine C.
2006 Pets in America: A History. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC.
Herzog, Hal
2010 Are Humans the Only Animals That Keep Pets? Psychology Today, June 18, 2010, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/animals-and-us/201006/are-humans-the-only-animals-that-keep-pets.
2011 Do Wild Baboons Kidnap Puppies for Pets? Psychology Today, December 21, 2011, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/animals-and-us/201112/do-wild-baboons-kidnap-puppies-pets.
Hobgood-Oster, Laura
2014 A Dog’s History of the World: Canines and the Domestication of Humans. Baylor University Press, Waco, TX.
Koudounaris, Paul
2020 A Cat’s Tale: A Journey through Feline History. Henry Holt and Company, New York, NY.
Kreilkamp, Ivan
2013 The Emotional Extravagance of Victorian Pet-Keeping. Victorian Review, Fall 2013, Vol. 39, No. 2, Special Issue: Extending Families (Fall 2013), pp. 71-74.
Lazenby, Francis D. 
1949 Greek and Roman Household Pets. The Classical Journal, Feb., 1949, Vol. 44, No. 5 (Feb., 1949), pp. 299-307.
Lilwall, Amy
2018 It’s Actually Pretty Weird That We Keep Pets As Animals. Literary Hub, September 20, 2018, lithub.com/its-actually-pretty-weird-that-we-keep-animals-as-pets/.
Pearson, Chris
2021 Dogopolis: How Dogs and Humans Made Modern New York, London, and Paris. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Phineas, Charles
1974 Household Pets and Urban Alienation. Journal of Social History, Spring 1974, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Spring, 1974), pp. 338-343.
Rogers, Nala
2017 Rare Human Syndrome May Explain Why Dogs Are So Friendly. Inside Science, July 19 2017, www.insidescience.org/news/rare-human-syndrome-may-explain-why-dogs-are-so-friendly.
Shipman, Pat
2021 Our Oldest Companions: The Story of the First Dogs. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Thomas, Keith
1983 Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England 1500-1800. Penguin Books, London, UK.
Vining, Joanne
2003 The Connection to Other Animals and Caring for Nature. Human Ecology Review, Winter 2003, Vol. 10, No. 2, Special Issue: Conservation Psychology (Winter 2003), pp. 87-99.
Vocelle, L. A.
2016 Revered and Reviled: A Complete History of the Cat. Great Cat Publications, Charlotte, NC.
Wrye, Jen
2009 Beyond Pets: Exploring Relational Perspectives of Petness. The Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie, Vol. 34, No. 4 (2009), pp. 1033-1063.
Yuhas, Daisy
2015 Why So Many People Have Pets. Scientific American, September 1, 2015, www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-so-many-people-have-pets/.
 

Episode 20: Catering for the Caveman, Authentic Cuisine vs. BC BS

The Two Humans celebrate their twentieth episode with an “authentic” paleo luncheon. Check, please!
Episode 20: Catering for the Caveman—Authentic Cuisine vs. BC BS
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Agoulnik, Dorothy, Mathieu Pascal Lalonde, George S. Ellmore, and Nicola M. McKeown
2021 The Origin and Evolution of the Paleo Diet. Nutrition Today, May/June 2021, Volume 56, Issue 3, journals.lww.com/nutritiontodayonline/Fulltext/ 2021/05000/Part_1__The_Origin_and_Evolution_of_the_Paleo_Diet.4.aspx.
Barras, Colin
2016 Ancient Leftovers Show the Paleo Diet Was a Veggie Feast. New Scientist, December 5, 2016, www.newscientist.com/article/2115127-ancient-leftovers-show-the-real-paleo-diet-was-a-veggie-feast/.
Butler, Stephanie
2023 Going Paleo: What Prehistoric Man Actually Ate. History.com, May 17, 2023, www.history.com/news/going-paleo-what-prehistoric-man-actually-ate.
Chrzan, Janet and Kima Cargill
2022 Anxious Eaters: Why We Fall for Fad Diets. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Cordain, Loren
2002 The Paleo Diet: Lose Weight and Get Healthy by Eating the Foods You Were Designed to Eat. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. Curry, Andrew 2008 The Gladiator Diet. Archaeology, November/December 2008, Vol. 61, No. 6 (November/December 2008), pp. 28-30.
Davis, Madeleine
2013 Sorry, Neocavemen, but Your Paleo Diet is Pretty Much Bullshit. Jezebel, June 10, 2013, jezebel.com/sorry-neo-cavemen-but-your-paleo-diet-is-pretty-much-512277993.
Feder, Kenneth L. and Michael Alan Park
2007 Human Antiquity: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Guo, Yi, Rubi Wu, Guoping Sun, Yunfei Zheng, and Benjamin T. Fuller
2017 Neolithic Cultivation of Water Chestnuts (Trapa L.) at Tianluoshan (7000-6300 cal BP), Zhejian Province, China. Scientific Reports 7(1), November 24, 2017, www.researchgate.net/publication/321276154_Neolithic_cultivation_of_water_chestnuts_Trapa_L_at_Tianluoshan_7000-6300_cal_BP_Zhejiang_ Province_ China.
Haviland, William A., Dana Walrath, Harald E. L. Prins, and Bunny McBride 2008 Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge, Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
Johnson, Adrienne Rose
2015 The Paleo Diet and the American Weight Loss Utopia, 1975-2014. Utopian Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1, Special Issue: Utopia and Food (2015), pp. 101-124.
Kingsley, Lisa
2023 The Seesawing History of Fad Diets. Smithsonian Magazine, February 7, 2023, www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-seesawing-history-of-fad-diets-180981586/.
LePage, Michael
2020 Earliest Roasted Root Vegetables Found in 170,000-year-old Cave Dirt. New Scientist, January 2, 2020, www.newscientist.com/article/2228880-earliest-roasted-root-vegetables-found-in-170000-year-old-cave-dirt/.
Lynch, Rene
2015 A Brief Timeline Shows How We’re Gluttons for Diet Fads. Los Angeles Times, February 28, 2015, www.latimes.com/health/la-he-diet-timeline-20150228-story.html.
Morell, Sally Fallon
2018 Nourishing Diets: How Paleo, Ancestral, and Traditional Peoples Really Ate. Grand Central Publishing, New York, NY.
Schoninger, Margaret
2014 Stable Isotope Analyses and the Evolution of Human Diets. Annual Review of Anthropology, 2014, Vol. 43 (2014), pp. 413-430.
Sept, Jeanne
2013 Review: A Mixed Buffet. Evolution, Vol. 67, No. 12 (December 2013), pp. 3688-3689.
Sillen, Andrew, Judith C. Sealy, and Nikolaas J. van der Merwe
1989 Chemistry and Paleodietary Research: No More Easy Answers. American Antiquity, Jul. 1989, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Jul., 1989), pp. 504-512.
Smith, Laura
2017 ‘The Drinking Man’s Diet’ Was the 1960s Ancestor to Atkins and Paleo—and It Was a Boozy Bestseller.” Timeline, September 27, 2017, timeline.com/drinking-mans-diet-carbs-82a38400bfff.
Wdowik, Melissa
2017 The Long, Strange History of Dieting Fads. College News: Colorado State University, November 7, 2017, source.colostate.edu/the-long-strange-history-of-dieting-fads/.
Wright, Jennifer
2016 Terrible Food Diets Throughout History. Racked, January 15, 2016, www.racked.com/2016/1/15/10725674/terrible-diets-from-history.
Voegtlin, Walter L.
1975 The Stone Age Diet. Vantage Press, Inc. New York, NY.
Wu, Katherine J.
2020 Humans Were Roasting Root Vegetables 170,000 Years Ago, Study Suggests. Smithsonian Magazine, January 7, 2020, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/humans-were-roasting-root-vegetables-170000-years-ago-study-suggests-180973913/,
Zuk, Marlene
2013 Paleofantasy: What Evolution Really Tells about Sex, Diet, and How We Live. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. New York, NY.

Episode 19: Busters, Hunters, and Believers, Ghosts and the People Who Love Them

Get ready to get scared! The Two Humans celebrate Halloween by talking about ghosts!!
Episode 19: Busters, Hunters, and Believers: Ghosts and the People Who Love Them.
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Baruss, Imants
2001 Failure to Replicate Electronic Voice Phenomenon. Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 355-367.
Bath, Jo and John Newton
2006 “Sensible Proof of Spirits”: Ghost Belief during the Later Seventeenth Century. Folklore, Apr., 2006, Vol. 117, No. 1 (Apr., 2006), pp. 1-14.
Birchard, Robert
2019 What Can Science Tell Us about Death? The New York Academy of Sciences, September 30, 2019, www.nyas.org/news-articles/academy-news/is-there-life-after-death/.
Chabot, Kevin
2019 Queer Spectralities and Untimely Subjects. Revue Canadienne d’Etudes cinematographiques/Canadian Journal of Film Studies, Fall/Automne 2019, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Fall/Automne 2019), pp. 1-22.
Cheung, Theresa
2006 The Element Encyclopedia of Ghosts & Hauntings. Harper Element, New York, NY.
Courage, Katherine Harmon
2020 Scientific American vs. the Supernatural. Scientific American, September 1, 2020, www.scientificamerican.com/article/scientific-american-vs-the-supernatural/.
Davies, Owen
2007 The Haunted: A Social History of Ghosts. Palgrave MacMillan, Houndmill, UK.
Dickey, Colin
2016 Ghostland: An American History in Haunted Places. Viking, New York, NY.
George, Stephen C.
2021 Ghost Busted: When Science Meets the Supernatural. Discover Magazine, October 6, 2021, www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/ghost-busted-when-science-meets-the-supernatural.
Goldstein, Diane El, Sylvia Ann Grider, and Jeannie Banks Thomas
2007 Haunting Experiences: Ghosts in Contemporary Folklore. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, CO.
Hulick, Kathryn
2019 The Science of Ghosts. Science News Explores, October 31, 2019, www.snexplores.org/article/science-ghosts.
Kwilecki, Susan
2009 Twenty-First-Century American Ghosts: The After-Death Communication—Therapy and Revelation from beyond the Grave. Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Winter 2009), pp. 101-133.
Lowe, Jaime
2017 How to Tell a Ghost Story. The New York Times Magazine, February 10, 2017.
Owens, Susan
2017 The Ghost: A Cultural History. Tate Publishing, London, UK.
Radford, Benjamin
2022 The Shady Science of Ghost Hunting. Live Science, October 21, 2022, www.livescience.com/4261-shady-science-ghost-hunting.html. 2022 Are Ghosts Real? Live Science, October 31, 2022, www.livescience.com/26697-are-ghosts-real.html.
Reardon, Sara
2023 Burst of Brain Activity during Dying Could Explain Life Passing before Your Eyes. Science, May 1, 2023, www.science.org/content/article/burst-brain-activity-during-dying-could-explain-life-passing-your-eyes.
Roach, Mary
2005 Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, NY.
Schick, Jr., Theodore and Lewis Vaughn
2014 How to Think about Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age, Seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Spencer, Samuel
2023 The Science behind Seeing Ghosts. BBC, August 14, 2023, www.bbc.co.uk/ bbcthree /article/f8ce7277-5945-470a-b1ad-0c637d8265c1.
Storr, Will
2006 Will Storr vs. the Supernatural. Harper, New York, NY. Wiseman, Richard, Caroline Watt, Paul Stevens, Emma Greening, and Ciaran O’Keeffe
2002 An Investigation into the Alleged Haunting of Hampton Court Palace: Psychological Variables and Magnetic Fields. Journal of Parapsychology, 66(4), pp. 387-408. 2003 An Investigation into Alleged ‘Hauntings.’ British Journal of Psychology (2003), 94, pp. 195-211.
 

Episode 18: A Furious Drive on the Ol’ My-Five, a Handy History of Masturbation

Birds do it, bees do it, even chimpanzees in the trees, do it. We're talking, of course, about self-love. The Two Humans discuss the matter that's always at hand.
Episode 18: A Furious Drive on the Ol' My-Five: A Handy History of Masturbation.
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Abbot, Elizabeth
2010 A History of Marriage: From Same Sex Unions to Private Vows and Common Law, the Surprising Diversity of a Tradition. Seven Stories Press, New York, NY.
Anonymous
1756 Onania or the Heinous Sin of Self-Pollution and All Its Frightful Consequences. H. Cooke, London, UK.
Baker, Robin and Mark A. Bellis
1995 Human Sperm Competition: Copulation, Masturbation, and Infidelity. Hard Nut Books, London, UK.
Block, Susan M.
2014 The Bonobo Way: The Evolution of Peace through Pleasure. Gardner & Daughters, Publishers, Beverly Hills, CA.
Brindle, Matilda, Henry Ferguson-Gow, Joseph Williamson, Ruth Thomsen, and Volker Sommer
2023 The Evolution of Masturbation Is Associated with Postcopulatory Selection and Pathogen Avoidance in Primates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Biology B – Biological Sciences, Vol. 290, Issue 2000, June 2023, royalsocietypublishing. org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rspb.2023.0061.
Coontz, Stephanie
2005 Marriage, a History: How Love Conquered Marriage. Penguin Books, New York, NY.
Dearborn, Lester W.
1952 The Problem with Masturbation. Marriage and Family Living, Feb., 1952, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Feb., 1952), pp. 46-55.
De Waal, Frans and Frans Lanting
1997 Bonobos : The Forgotten Ape. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Haynes, April R.
2015 Riotous Flesh: Women, Physiology, and The Solitary Vice in Nineteenth-Century America. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Incorvia, Darren
2023 When and Why Did Masturbation Evolve in Primates? A New Study Provides Clues. Science News, June 6, 2023, www.sciencenews.org/article/masturbation-evolve-primates.
Laqueur, Thomas W.
2003 Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturbation. Zone Books, Brooklyn, NY.
Liu, Vic
2021 Bang: Masturbation for People of All Genders & Abilities. Microcosm Publishing, Portland, OR.
Moskowitz, Clara
2011 Why So Many Animals Evolved to Masturbate. LiveScience, February 23, 2011, www.livescience.com/12944-animals-evolved-masturbate.html.
Neuman, R. P.
1975 Masturbation, Madness, and the Modern Concepts of Childhood and Adolescence. Journal of Social History, Spring, 1975, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Spring, 1975), pp. 1-27.
Osbourne, Margaret
2023 Male Primate Masturbation May Have Evolved to Prevent STIs. Smithsonian Magazine, June 9, 2023, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/male-primate-masturbation-may-have-evolved-to-prevent-stis-180982320/.
Roth, Lateefah, Peer Briken, and Johannes Fuss
2022 Masturbation in the Animal Kingdom. The Journal of Sex Research, March 22, 2022, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35316107/.
Sagar, Soumya
2023 Male Masturbation in Primates Evolved to Cut Chance of Catching STIs. New Scientist, June 7, 2023, www.newscientist.com/article/2377320-male-masturbation-in-primates-evolved-to-cut-chance-of-catching-stis/.
Sample, Ian
2023 Origins of Masturbation Traced Back to Primates 40m Years Ago. The Guardian, June 6, 2023, www.theguardian.com/science/2023/jun/07/origins-masturbation-traced-back-primates-40m-years-ago.
Shelton, James D.
2010 Masturbation: Breaking the Silence. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, September 2010, Vol. 36, No. 3 (September 2010), pp. 157-158.
Thomsen, Ruth
2000 Sperm Competition and the Function of Masturbation in Japanese Macaques (Macaca Fuscata) (dissertation). Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, October 2000.
Tissot, M. D.
1832 Treatises on the Diseases Produced by Onanism (Translated from a New Edition of the French). Collins & Hannay, New York, NY.
 

Episode 17: Don’t Look Now, But Your Culture Is Showing

Whether you know it or not, you’re exposing your culture right now! In this episode, The Two Humans try to subtly (and not so subtly) tell you that your cultural fly is down.
Episode 17: Don’t Look Now but Your Culture Is Showing
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com 
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542 
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Beechey, Alan and Gina Teague
2023 USA: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture, 2nd Edition.
Kuperard, London, UK. Binford, Sally R. and Lewis R. Binford
1968 Archeology in Cultural Systems. Aldine Transaction, London, UK.
Cottak, Conrad Phillip
2011 Cultural Anthropology: Appreciating Cultural Diversity, Fourteenth Addition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Creanza, Nicole, Oren Kolodny, and Marcus W. Feldman
2017 Cultural Evolutionary Theory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 114, No. 30 (July 25, 207), pp. 7782-7789.
Feder, Kenneth L. and Michael Alan Park
2007 Human Antiquity: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Ferraro, Gary and Susan Andreatta
2012 Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
Geertz, Clifford
1973 The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books, New York, NY.
Greene, Kevin and Tom Moore
2010 Archaeology: An Introduction (Fifth Edition). Routledge, London, UK.
Hahn, Hans Peter
2008 Diffusionism, Appropriation, and Globalization. Some Remarks on Current Debates in Anthropology. Anthropos, 2008, Bd. 103, H. 1. (2008), pp. 191-202.
Harris, Marvin
1974 Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Cultures. Vintage Books, New York, NY.
Haviland, William A., Dana Walrath, Harold E. L. Prins, and Bunny McBride
2011 Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge, Nineth Edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
Howarth, Caroline, Wolfgang Wagner, Nicola Magnussen, and Gordon Sammut
2014 “It’s Only Other People Who Make Me Feel Black”: Acculturation, Identity, and Agency in a Multicultural Community. Political Psychology, February 2014, Vol. 35, No. 1 (February 2014), pp. 81-95.
Jensen, Lene Arnett Jensen
1997 Different Worldviews, Different Morals: America’s Culture War Divide. Human Development, 1997, Vol. 40, No. 6 (1997), pp. 325-344.
Johnson, Matthew 1999 Archaeological Theory: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA.
Lentz, Carola
2017 Culture. Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, Bd. 142, H. 2, Special Issue: Rethinking Culture, Area, and Comparison from the Axial Age to the Contemporary Multi-centric World (2017), pp. 181-204.
Leonard, Robert D. 2001 Evolutionary Archaeology. In Archaeological Theory Today (ed. Ian Hodder). Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.
Lindaman, Kara and Donald P. Haider-Market
2002 Issue Evolution, Political Parties, and the Culture Wars. Political Research Quarterly, Mar., 2002, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Mar., 2002), pp. 91-110.
McGrew, W. C.
1998 Culture in Nonhuman Primates? Annual Review of Anthropology, 1998, Vol. 27 (1998), pp. 301-328.
Nash, Gary B, Charlotte Crabtree, and Ross E. Dunn
1997 History on Trial: Culture Wars and the Teaching of the Past. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY. Ritter, Luke 2021 Chapter Title: Culture War. In Inventing America’s First Immigration Crisis: Political Nativism in the Antebellum West. Fordham University Press, New York, NY.
Sam, David L. and John W. Berry
2010 Acculturation: When Individuals and Groups of Different Cultural Backgrounds Meet. Perspectives on Psychological Science, July 2010, Vol. 5, No. 4 (July 2010), pp. 472-481.
Thomson, Irene Taviss
2010 Culture Wars and Enduring American Dilemmas. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
Tylor, Edward B.
1909 Anthropology: An Introduction to the Study of Man and Civilization. D. Appleton and Company, New York, NY.
Young, James O.
2005 Profound Offense and Cultural Appropriation. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Spring, 2005, Vol. 63, No. 2 (Spring 2005), pp. 135-146.
 

Episode 16: The Fears of a Clown, an Evolutionary History of Fear and Phobias

The Two Humans head to the big top to rip the nose and wig off their irrational fears and phobias.
Episode 16: The Fears of a Clown: An Evolutionary History of Fear and Phobias.
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Alcolado, Gillian M., Sasha L. MacNeil, Kelsey Hannon, and Adam S. Radomsky
2015 Cognitive Model. Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear (ed. Irena Milosevic and Randi E. McCabe), Greenwood, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 86-88.
Bartholomew, Robert
2016 The Great Clown Scare of 2016. Psychology Today, October 7, 2016, www. psychologytoday.com/us/blog/its-catching/201610/the-great-clown-scare-2016.
Beck, Aaron T., Gary Emery, and Ruth L. Greenberg
1985 Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective. Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, New York, NY.
Cleveland Clinic
2021 Coulrophobia (Fear of Clowns). Cleveland Clinic, August 9, 2021, my. clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21835-coulrophobia-fear-of-clowns.
Despot, Adriane L.
1981 Some Principles of Clowning. The Massachusetts Review, Winter, 1981, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Winter 1981), pp. 661-678.
Elliott, Corinna M.
2015 Fear and Anxiety: Same or Different?. Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear (ed. Irena Milosevic and Randi E. McCabe), Greenwood, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 155-156.
Kocovski, Nancy L. and Amanda J. Desnoyers
2015 Fear, Return of (Relapse). Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear (ed. Irena Milosevic and Randi E. McCabe), Greenwood, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 165-167.
Kocovski, Nancy L., Rebecca A. Blackie, and Amanda J. Desnoyers
2015 Phobias, Causes of. Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear (ed. Irena Milosevic and Randi E. McCabe), Greenwood, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 289-293.
Langley, Travis
2017 The Lost Origin of Coulrophobia, the Abnormal Fear of Clowns, Psychology Today, February 24, 2017, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/beyond-heroes-and-villains/201702/the-lost-origin-coulrophobia-the-abnormal-fear-clowns.
Macaulay, Christianne and Margo C. Watt
2015 Anxiety Sensitivity. Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear (ed. Irena Milosevic and Randi E. McCabe), Greenwood, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 24-26.
Mayhew, Henry
1985 London Labour and the London Poor. Penguin Books, London, UK. (Originally published in 1851)
McRobbie, Linda Rodriguez
2013 The History and Psychology of Clowns Being Scary. Smithsonian Magazine, July 31, 2013, www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-history-and-psychology-of-clowns-being-scary-20394516/.
Milosevic, Irena
2015 Fear. Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear (ed. Irena Milosevic and Randi E. McCabe), Greenwood, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 153-155.
Fear, Physiology of. Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear (ed. Irena Milosevic and Randi E. McCabe), Greenwood, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 163-165.
Fear of the Unknown. Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear (ed. Irena Milosevic and Randi E. McCabe), Greenwood, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 175-176.
Preparedness Theory. Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear (ed. Irena Milosevic and Randi E. McCabe), Greenwood, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 327-329.
Milosevic, Irena and Randi E. McCabe
2015 Introduction. Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear (ed. Irena Milosevic and Randi E. McCabe), Greenwood, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. xiii-xv.
Moreno, Oswaldo, Ariel Kor, and David H. Rosmarin
2015 Cultural Differences. Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear (ed. Irena Milosevic and Randi E. McCabe), Greenwood, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 99-101.
Nadel, Darcie
2023 A Brief History of Clowns: How Did They Become Evil? Owlcation, April 16, 2023, owlcation.com/social-sciences/A-Brief-History-of-Clowns-How-Did-They-Become-Evil.
Radford, Benjamin
2016 Bad Clowns. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.
Scorey, Sophie, James Greville, Philip Tyson and Shakiela Davies
2023 This is Why We’re Afraid of Clowns. The Conversation, March 6, 2023, theconversation.com/why-are-we-so-scared-of-clowns-heres-what-weve-discovered-199352
Summerscale, Kate
2022 The Book of Phobias: A History of Obsession. Penguin Books, New York, NY.
Tikkanen, Amy
2017 10 Famous Clowns: From Comical to Creepy. Encyclopedia Britannica, September 6, 2017, www.britannica.com/list/10-famous-clowns-from-comical-to-creepy.
2019 Why Are People Afraid of Clowns? Encyclopedia Britannica, August 30, 2019, www.britannica.com/story/why-are-people-afraid-of-clowns.
Tyson, Philip John, Shakiela K. Davies, Sophie Scorey and William James Greville
2023 Fear of Clowns: An Investigation into the Aetiology of Coulrophobia. Frontiers, February 2, 2023, www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1109466/full.
Zucker, Wolfgang M.
1954 The Image of the Clown. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Mar., 1954, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Mar., 1954), pp. 310-317.
 

Episode 15: Sometimes It’s Adam, Eve, and Steve

A Look at Marriage throughout History and throughout the World.
Episode 15: Sometimes It’s Adam, Eve, and Steve.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com 
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542 
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
Resources:
Abbott, Elizabeth
2010 A History of Marriage: From Same Sex Unions to Private Vows and Common Law, the Surprising Diversity of a Tradition. Seven Stories Press, New York, NY.
Cleves, Rachel Hope
2015 “What, Another Female Husband?: The Prehistory of Same-Sex Marriage in America. The Journal of American History, March 2015, Vol. 101, No. 4 (March 2015), pp. 1055-1081.
Coontz, Stephanie
2005 Marriage, a History: How Love Conquered Marriage. Penguin Books, New York, NY.
Cottak, Conrad Phillip
2011 Cultural Anthropology: Appreciating Cultural Diversity, Fourteenth Addition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Eskridge, Jr., William N.
1993 A History of Same-Sex Marriage. Virginia Law Review, Oct., 1993, Vol. 79, No. 7, Symposium on Sexual Orientation and the Law (Oct., 1993), pp. 1419-1513.
Ferraro, Gary and Susan Andreatta
2012 Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
Fox, Robin
1967 Kinship & Marriage: An Anthropological Perspective. The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Grossbard, Amyra
1978 Towards a Marriage Between Economics and Anthropology and a General Theory of Marriage. The American Economic Review, May, 1978, Vol. 68, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Ninetieth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (May, 1978), pp. 33-37.
Huber, Brad R., William F. Danaher and William L. Breedlove
2011 Material Resources Investments at Marriage: Evolutionary, Social, and Ecological Perspectives. Ethnology, Fall 2011, Vol. 50, No. 4 (Fall 2011), pp. 281-304.
Jensen, Lene Arnett
1997 Different Worldviews, Different Morals: America’s Culture War Divide. Human Development, 1997, Vol. 40, No. 6 (1997), pp. 325-344.
Jewison, Norman (Director)
1987 Moonstruck [Film]. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Kottak, Conrad Phillip 2011 Cultural Anthropology: Appreciating Cultural Diversity (Fourteenth Edition). McGraw, New York, NY.
Kuby, William
2014 Till Disinterest Do Us Part: Trial Marriage, Public Policy, and the Fear of Familial Decay in the United States, 1900-1930. Journal of the History of Sexuality, September 2014, Vol. 23, No. 3 (September 2014), pp. 383-414.
Leach, E. R.
1955 Polyandry, Inheritance and the Definition of Marriage. Man, Dec., 1955, Vol. 55 (Dec., 1955), pp. 182-186.
Schnarch, Brian
1992 Neither Man nor Woman: Berdache—A Case for Non-Dichotomous Gender Construction. Anthropologica, 1992, Vol. 34, No. 1 (1992), pp. 105-121.
Thompson, Brock
2010 The Un-Natural State: Arkansas and the Queer South. The University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, AR.
 

Episode 14: Will You Still Love Me When I’m 164

If 50 is the new 40, is 120 the new 80? In this episode, The Two Humans stop wasting their lives and start talking about the past and future of aging.
Episode 14: Will You Still Love Me When I’m 164
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Arakelyan, Hayk S.
2020 Herostratus Complex. ResearchGate.net, August 21, 2020, www.researchgate.net/ profile/ Hayk-Arakelyan/3#:~:text=Herostratus%20complex%20was%20 named%20after%20the,of%20the%20city%20jointly%20decided%20t&text=Herostratus%20complex%20was%20named,city%20jointly%20decided%20t&text=was%20named%20after%20the,of%20the%20city%20jointly.
Auge, Marc
2016 Everyone Dies Young: Time without Age (Trans. Jody Gladding). Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Beland, Daniel
2005 Social Security: History and Politics from the New Deal. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, KS.
Bloom, Dave E., David Canning, and Alyssa Lubet
2015 Global Population Aging: Facts, Challenges, Solutions & Perspectives. Daedelus, Vol. 144, No. 2 (Spring 2015), pp. 80-92.
Butler, Robert N.
1975 Why Survive? Being Old in America. Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., New York, NY.
Carnes, Bruce A. and S. Jay Olschansky
2007 A Realistic View of Aging, Mortality, and Future Longevity. Population and Development Review, Jun. 2007, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Jun., 2007), pp. 367-381.
Cole, Thomas R.
1992 The Journey of Life: A Cultural History of Aging in America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Filipovic, Jill 2020 OK, Boomer: How My Generation Got Left Behind. One Signal Publishers, New York, NY.
Gawande, Atul
2014 Being Mortal. Metropolitan Books, New York, NY. Germain, Jacquelyn 2022 200 Frozen Heads and Bodies Await Revival at This Arizona Cryonics Facility. Smithsonian Magazine, October 21, 2022, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/200-frozen-heads-and-bodies-await-revival-at-this-arizona-cryonics-facility-180980981/.
Jarvis, Brooke
2021 The Good Years: Facing Death in a World That’s Living Longer. The New Yorker, May 17, 2021.
Johnson, Steven
2021 Extra Life: A Short History of Living Longer. Riverhead Books, New York, NY. Kleyman, Paul 2017 The Age of Anti-Aging. Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging, Vol. 41, No. 2, The Summer of Love, the Baby Boomers, and Their Arc of Aging (Summer 2017), pp. 41-47.
Laderman, Gary
2000 The Disney Way of Death. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Mar., 2000, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Mar., 2000), pp. 27-46.
Lanese, Nicoletta
2020 Gene Tweak Can Extend Life 500% (But You Have to Be a Worm). LiveScience, January 15, 2020, www.livescience.com/worm-life-extended-five-fold-aging.html.
Lewington, Lara
2023 The Tech Entrepreneur Betting He Can Get Younger. BBC.com, April 21, 2023, www.bbc.com/news/business-65238774. The Tech Entrepreneur Paying Millions to Reverse His Age. BBC.com, May 11, 2023, www.bbc.com/reel/video/p0fmj7k2/the-tech-entrepreneur-paying-millions-to-reverse-his-age.
McDonald, Roger B.
2019 Biology of Aging, Second Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. NBC News 2023 Man Spends Millions to Reverse Aging. NBCNews.com, April 25, 2023. www.nbcnews.com/now/video/man-spends-millions-to-attempt-to-reverse-aging-171330117541.
Pearce, Michael and Adrian E. Raftery
2021 Probabilistic Forecasting of Maximum Human Lifespan by 2100 Using Bayesian Population Projections. Demographic Research, January – June 2021, Vol. 44 (January – June 2021), pp. 1271-1294.
Poulain, Michel
2013 The Blue Zones: Areas of Exceptional Longevity around the World. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 2013, Vol. 11, Special Issue on Determinants of Unusual and Differential Longevity (2013), pp. 87-108.
Riddle, John M.
1992 Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Satava, Richard M. 2003 Biomedical, Ethical, and Moral Issues Being Forced by Advanced Medical Technologies. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Sep. 2003, Vol. 147, No. 3 (Sep., 2003), pp. 246-258.
Schneider, Edward L.
1992 Biological Theories of Aging. Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging, Fall/Winter 1992, Vol. 16, No. 4, The Biology of Aging (Fall/Winter 1992), pp. 7-10.
Whittington, Frank J., Suzanne R. Kunkel, and Kate de Medeiros
2021 Global Aging: Comparative Perspectives on Aging and the Life Course, Second Edition. Springer Publishing Company: New York, NY. Wills, Matthew 2022 The National Vaccine Institute and Vaccines for All. JSTOR Daily, February 18, 2022, daily.jstor.org/the-national-vaccine-institute-and-vaccination-for-all/.
 

Episode 13: You Sasquatch My Back, I’ll Sasquatch Yours

You know what they say about people with big feet. In this episode, The Two Humans head to the woods to size up the legend of Bigfoot.
Episode 13: You Sasquatch My Back, I’ll Sasquatch Yours
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com 
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542 
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Anonymous
2003 Yeti Love. Publisher Anonymous, Coppell, TX.
Basso, Ellen B.
1978 The Enemy of Every Tribe: “Bushman” Images in Northern Athapaskan Narratives. American Ethnologist, Nov., 1978, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Nov., 1978), pp. 690-709.
Bennett, Matthew R., David Bustos, Daniel Odess, Tommy M. Urban, et al.
2020 Walking in Mud: Remarkable Pleistocene Human Trackways from White Sands National Park (New Mexico). Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 249, December 1, 2020, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379120305722? dgcid=author.
Bower, Bruce
2019 A Tooth Fossile Shows Gigantopithecus’ Close Ties to Modern Orangutans. ScienceNews, November 13, 2019, www.sciencenews.org/article/tooth-fossil-shows-gigantopithecus-close-ties-modern-orangutans.
Briggs, Helen
2019 Secrets of the Largest Ape That Ever Lived. BBC, November 13, 2019, www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50409541.
Buhs, Joshua Blu
2011 Tracking Bigfoot Through 1970s North American Children’s Culture: How Mass Media, Consumerism, and the Culture of Preadolescence Shaped Wildman Lore. Western Folklore, Spring 2011, Vol. 70, No. 2 (Spring 2011), pp. 195-218.
Bynum, Joyce
1992 Bigfoot—A Contemporary Belief System Legend. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, Fall 1992, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Fall 1992), pp. 352-357.
Daegling, David
2004 Bigfoot Exposed! Archaeology, July/August 2004, Vol. 57, No. 4 (July/August 2004), p. 18.
Dendle, Peter
2006 Cryptozoology in the Medieval and Modern Worlds. Folklore, Aug., 2006, Vol. 117, No. 2 (Aug., 2006), pp. 190-206.
Feder, Kenneth L.
1984 Irrationality and Popular Archaeology. American Antiquity, Jul., 1984, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Jul., 1984), pp. 525-541.
1985 The Challenges of Pseudoscience. Journal of College Science Teaching, Dec. 1985/Jan 1986, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Dec 1985/Jan 1986), pp. 180-186.
Feder, Kenneth L. and Michael Alan Park
2007 Human Antiquity: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Gershon, Livia
2020 Fossilized Footprints Found in New Mexico Track Travel with Toddler in Tow. Smithsonian Magazine, October 14, 2020, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/11000-year-old-new-mexico-footprints-track-adult-and-toddlers-trip-180976057/.
Herreid, Clyde Freeman
2016 Science, Pseudoscience, and Nonsense. Journal of College Science Teaching, May/June 2016, Vol. 45, No. 5 (May/June 2016), pp. 61-65. 
 

Episode 12: Let’s Get Trashed! Talking Dirty about Garbage

Get ready to wash your ears out with soap as The Two Humans talk dirty to each other (about trash). This episode is filthy!
Episode 12 - Let's Get Trashed! Talking Dirty about Garbage.
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com 
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542 
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Choat, Isabel
2023 Stop Dumping Your Cast-offs on Us, Ghanaian Clothes Traders Tell EU. The Guardian, May 31, 2023, www.theguardian.com/global-development/ 2023/ may/31/stop-dumping-your-cast-offs-on-us-ghanaian-clothes-traders-tell-eu.
Douglas, Mary
1966 Purity and Danger. Routledge Classics, London, UK.
Douglass, John G. and Nancy Gonlin
2012 The Household as Analytical Unit: Case Studies from the Americas. Ancient Households of the Americas (ed. John G. Douglass and Nancy Gonlin), pp. 1-44, University Press of Colorado, Denver, CO.
Englar, Mira
1997 Repulsive Matter: Landscapes of Waste in American Middle-Class Residential Domain. Landscape Journal, Spring 1997, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring 1997), pp. 60-79.
Feder, Kenneth L. and Michael Alan Park
2007 Human Antiquity: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Greene, Kevin and Tom Moore
2010 Archaeology: An Introduction, Fifth Edition. Routledge, New York, NY.
Haviland, William A., Dana Walrath, Harold E. L. Prins, and Bunny McBride
2011 Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge, Nineth Edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
Humes, Edward
2012 Garbology: Our Dirty Love Affair with Trash. Penguin Group, New York, NY. Jackson, J. B. 1980 The Necessity for Ruins and Other Topics. The University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA.
Kelly, Katie
1973 Garbage: The History and Future of Garbage in America. Saturday Review Press, New York, NY.
Kidder, Alfred Vincent
2000 An Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archaeology. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Kottak, Conrad Phillip
2011 Cultural Anthropology: Appreciating Cultural Diversity, Fourteenth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
McVeigh, Karen
2023 Plastic Waste Puts Millions of Worlds Poorest at Higher Risk from Floods. The Guardian, May 24, 2023, www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/24/ plastic-waste-puts-millions-of-worlds-poorest-at-higher-risk-from-floods.
Megaw, J. V. S.
1984 The Archaeology of Rubbish or Rubbishing Archaeology: Backward Looks and Forward Glances. Australian Journal of Historical Archaeology, October 1984, Vol. 2 (October 1984), pp. 7-1
Melosi, Martin V.
1981 Garbage in the Cities: Refuse, Reform, and the Environment, 1880-1980. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, TX.
Millar, Kathleen M.
2018 Reclaiming the Discarded: Life and Labor on Rio’s Garbage Dump. Duke University Press, Durham, NC.
Rathje, William and Cullen Murphy
2001 Rubbish! The Archaeology of Garbage. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Reno, Joshua O.
2016 Waste Away: Working and Living with a North American Landfill. University of California Press, Oakland, CA.
Sanger, David
1981 Unscrambling Messages in the Midden. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Fall 1981, Vol. 9 (Fall 1981), pp. 37-42.
Schiffer, Michael B.
1987 Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, UT.
Spelman, Elizabeth
2011 Combing Through the Trash: Philosophy Goes Rummaging. The Massachusetts Review, Summer 2011, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Summer 2011), pp. 313-325.
Stanton, Travis W., M. Kathryn Brown, and Jonathan B. Pagliaro
2008 Garbage of the Gods? Squatters, Refuse Disposal, and Termination Rituals among the Ancient Maya. Latin American Antiquity, Sep. 2008, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Sep., 2008), pp. 227-247.
Symonds, James
2004 Historical Archaeology and the Recent Urban Past. International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, March 2004, pp. 33-48.
Ty, Michelle
2015 Trash and the End of Infrastructure. Modern Fiction Studies, Winter 2015, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Winter 2015), pp. 606-630.
Vaughn, Rachel
2018 The Politics of Clean: Representing Food Salvage and Dumpster Diners. American Studies, Vol. 57, No. 1/2 (2018), pp. 29-56.014
Walker, Lucy (Director)
2009 Wasteland [Film]. Arthouse Films. Winograd, Kathryn 2014 Middens. Fourth Genre: Explorations in Nonfiction, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring 2014), pp. 65-74.
 

Episode 11: What’s So Funny? A Very, Very Serious Discussion about Laughter and Humor

The Two Humans break their funny bones trying to figure out what's so damn funny about laughter.
Episode 11: What’s So Funny?! A Very, Very Serious Discussion about Laughter and Humor.
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com 
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542 
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Beard, Mary
2014 Laughter in Ancient Rome: On Joking, Tickling, and Cracking Up. University of California Press, Oakland, CA.
Berger, Peter L.
2014 Redeeming Laughter: The Comic Dimension of Human Experience, 2nd Edition. De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany.
Bergson, Henri
1911 Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic (Cloudesley Brereton and Fred Rothwell, Trans.). The MacMillan Company, New York.
Cohen, Ted
1999 Jokes: Philosophical Thoughts on Joking Matters. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Cousins, Norman
1979 Anatomy of an Illness As Perceived by the Patient. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, NY.
Darwin, Charles
1872 The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Fourth Edition, 2009). Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Freud, Sigmund
1960 Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious (James Strachey, Trans.). W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, NY
Gervais, Matthew and David Sloan Wilson
2005 The Evolution and Functions of Laughter and Humor: A Synthetic Approach. The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 80, No. 4 (December 2005), pp. 395-430.
Hellberg, Dustin
2018 Funny in the Bones: The Neural Interrelation of Humor, Irony, and Metaphor as Evolved Mental States. Interdisciplinary Literary Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3 (2018), pp. 237-254.
Hsu. Elisabeth
2016 Humour as a Mode of Cognition. In Humour, Comedy and Laughter: Obscenities, Paradoxes, Insights and the Renewal of Life, edited by Lidia Dina Sciama, pp. 58-75, Bergahn Books, New York, NY.
Kline, L. W.
1907 The Psychology of Humor. The American Journal of Psychology, Oct., 1907, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct., 1907), pp. 421-441.
Lu, Donna
2023 The Science of Standup: Can You Train Someone to be Funny? The Guardian, April 29, 2023, www.theguardian.com/science/2023/apr/30/the-science-of- standup-can-you-train-someone-to-be-funny.
Martin, G. Neil
2022 The Psychology of Comedy. Routledge, New York, NY.
Mueller, Jennifer C.
2017 Producing Colorblindness. Social Problems, May 2017, Vol. 64, No. 2 (May 2017), pp. 219-238, 332.
Okely, Judith
2016 Learning from the Ludic: Anthropological Fieldwork. In Humour, Comedy and Laughter: Obscenities, Paradoxes, Insights and the Renewal of Life, edited by Lidia Dina Sciama, pp. 39-57, Bergahn Books, New York, NY.
Perez, Raul
2013 Learning to Make Racism Funny in the ‘Color-Blind’ Era: Stand-up Comedy Students, Performance Strategies, and the (Re)production of Racist Jokes in Public. Discourse & Society, July 2013, Vol. 24, No. 4 (July 2013), pp. 478-503.
2017 Racism without Hatred? Racist Humor and the Myth of “Color-blindness.” Sociological Perspectives, October 2017, Vol. 60, No. 5, Special Issue: new Frontiers in the Study of Colorblind Racism (October 2017), pp. 956-974.
Provine, Robert R.
2000 Laughter. Penguin Books, New York, NY. 2004 Laughing, Tickling, and the Evolution of Speech and Self. Current Directions in Psychological Science, Dec., 2004, Vol. 13, No. 6 (Dec., 2004), pp. 215-218.
Sciama, Lidia Dina
2016 Introduction. In Humour, Comedy and Laughter: Obscenities, Paradoxes, Insights and the Renewal of Life, edited by Lidia Dina Sciama, pp. 1-26, Bergahn Books, New York, NY.
Storey, Robert
1996 Comedy, Its Theorists, and the Evolutionary Perspective. Criticism, Summer, 1996, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Summer, 1996), pp. 407-441.
Vettin, Julia and Dietmar Todt
2005 Human Laughter, Social Play, and Play Vocalizations of Non-Human Primates: An Evolutionary Approach. Behaviour, Feb. 2005, Vol. 142, No. 2 (Feb., 2005), pp. 217-240.
Wilkie, Ian and Matthew Saxton
2016 The Origins of Comic Performance in Adult-Child Interaction. In Humour, Comedy and Laughter: Obscenities, Paradoxes, Insights and the Renewal of Life, edited by Lidia Dina Sciama, pp. 27-38, Bergahn Books, New York, NY.
Woodcock, Scott
2015 Comic Immoralism and Relatively Funny Jokes. Journal of Applied Philosophy, May 2015, Vol. 32, No. 2 (May 2015), pp. 203-216.
 

Episode 10: Rubbers, Rhythm and Rings, a Premature but Safe History of Contraception

Someone watch the door! In this episode The Two Humans sit you down and give you the sex talk your parents were too afraid to give!
Episode 10: Rubbers, Rhythm, and Rings
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com 
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542 
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources
Antelme, Ruth Schumann and Stephane Rossini
2001 Sacred Sexuality in Ancient Egypt: The Erotic Secrets of the Forbidden Papyrus (Jon Graham, Trans.). Inner Traditions International, Rochester, VT.
Brodie, Janet Farrell
1994 Contraception and Abortion in 19th-Century America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Coleman, Samuel
1981 The Cultural Context of Condom Use in Japan. Studies in Family Planning, Jan., 1981, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Jan., 1981), pp. 28-39.
Collier, Aine
2007 The Humble Little Condom: A History. Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY.
Cook, Hera
2007 Sexuality and Contraception in Modern England: Doing the History of Reproductive Sexuality. Journal of Social History, Summer, 2007, Vol. 40, No. 4 (Summer, 2007), pp. 915-932.
Fennell, Julie L.
2011 Men Bring Condoms, Women Take Pills: Men’s and Women’s Roles in Contraceptive Decision Making. Gender and Society, August 2011, Vol. 25, No. 4 (August 2011), pp. 496-521.
Ferraro, Gary and Susan Adreatta
2012 Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
Fisher, Will
2015 “Wantoning of the Thighs”: The Socialization of Thigh Sex in England, 1590— 1730. Journal of the History of Sexuality, January 2015, Vol. 24, No. 1 (January 2015), pp. 1-24.
Gillan, Joanna
2022 Tutankhamun Used Condoms Made from Oil-Soaked Linen. Ancient Origins, July 12, 2022, www.ancient-origins.net/weird-facts/tutankhamun-condom-0017004.
Grady, William R., Daniel H. Klepinger, John O. G. Billy, and Koray Tanfer
1993 Condom Characteristics: The Perceptions and Preferences of Men in the United States. Family Planning Perspectives, Mar. – Apr., 1993, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Mar. – Apr., 1993, pp. 67-73.
Grady, William R., Koray Tanfer, John O. G. Billy, and Jennifer Lincoln-Hanson
1996 Men’s Perceptions of Their Roles and Responsibilities Regarding Sex, Contraception and Childrearing. Family Planning Perspectives, Sep. – Oct., 1996, Vol. 28, No. 5 (Sep. – Oct., 1996), pp. 221-226.
Himes, Normal E.
1936 Medical History of Contraception. Schocken Books, New York, NY.
Hopkins, Keith
1965 Contraception in the Roman Empire. Comparative Studies in Society and History, Oct., 1965, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Oct., 1965), pp. 124-151.
Jarus, Owen
2022 King Tut’s Mummified Erect Penis May Point to Ancient Religious Struggle. Live Science, October 24, 2022, www.livescience.com/42290-king-tut-mummified- penis-explained.html. 
Johnson, John W.
2005 Griswold v. Connecticut: Birth Control and the Constitutional Right to Privacy. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, KS.
Jutte, Robert
2008 Contraception: A History (Vicky Russell, Trans.). Polity Press, Cambridge, MA. Kozma, Liat 2013 “We, the Sexologists...”: Arabic Medical Writing on Sexuality, 1879—1943. Journal of the History of Sexuality, September 2013, Vol. 22, No. 3 (September 2013), pp. 426-445.
Lieberman, Janet J.
1973 A Short History of Contraception. The American Biology Teacher, Sep., 1973, Vol. 35, No. 6 (Sep., 1973), pp. 315-318+337.
McLaren, Angus
1976 Contraception and the Working Classes: The Social Ideology of the English Birth Control Movement in Its Early Years. Comparative Studies in Society and History, Apr., 1976, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Apr., 1976), pp. 236-251.
Nelson, Sarah E.
2009 Persephone’s Seeds: Abortifacients and Contraceptives in Ancient Greek Medicine and The Recent Scientific Appraisal. Pharmacy in History, 2009, Vol. 51, No. 2 (2009), pp. 57-69.
Noonan, John T.
1966 Contraception: A History of Its Treatment by the Catholic Theologians and Canonists. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Pincus, Gregory
1965 The Control of Fertility. Academic Press, New York, NY. Riddle, John M. 1992 Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient Worlds to the Renaissance. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Tone, Andrea
2001 Devices and Desires: A History of Contraception in America. Hill and Wang, New York, NY.
Trumbach, Randolph
1991 The Condom in Modern and Postmodern Culture. Journal of the History of Sexuality, Jul., 1991, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Jul., 1991), pp. 95-98.
Williams, A. R.
2014 King Tut’s Mummified Penis Hints at Political Struggle? National Geographic, January 11, 2014, www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/140110-king-tut- mummy-penis-osiris-archaeology-science.
 

Episode 9: Smell You Later

Pee-Yew!! Hold your nose and roll down the windows as The Two Humans get a whiff of our least appreciated sense. This episode really stinks!
Episode 9: Smell You Later
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com 
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542 
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Benignus, Vernon A. and James D. Prah
1982 Olfaction: Anatomy, Physiology and Behavior. Environmental Health Perspectives, Apr., 1982, Vol. 44 (Apr. 1982), pp. 15-21.
Brant, Clare
2004 Fume and Perfume: Some Eighteenth-Century Use of Smell, Journal of British Studies, Vol. 43, No. 4 (October 2004), pp. 444-463.
Chiang, Connie Y.
2008 The Nose Knows: The Sense of Smell in American History. The Journal of American History, Sep. 2008, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Sep. 2008), pp. 405-416.
Classen, Constance
1992 The Odor of the Other: Olfactory Symbolism and Cultural Categories. Ethos, Jun., 1992, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Jun., 1992), pp. 133-136.
Classen, Constance, David Howes, and Anthony Synnot
1994 Aroma: The Cultural History of Smell. Routledge, London, UK.
Cleveland Clinic
2022 What Is the Anatomy of the Olfactory Nerve? Cleveland Clinic, May 21, 2022, my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23081-olfactory-nerve#:~:text=Your%20 olfactory%20nerve%20is%20one,referred%20to%20as%20your%20brainstem.
Cockayne, Emily
2007 Hubbub: Filth, Noise & Stench in England, 1600-1770. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Corbin, Alain
1986 The Foul and the Fragrant: Odor and the French Social Imagination, (translated by Aubier Montaigne). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
De March, Claire A., Hiroaki Matsunami, Masahashi Abe, Matthew Cobb, and Kara C. Hoover.
2022 Genetic and Functional Odorant Receptor Variation in the Homo Lineage., iScience, December 28, 2022, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36691623/.
Gilbert, Avery
2014 What the Nose Knows: The Scient of Scent in Everyday Life. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (March 22, 2015).
Haviland, William A., Dana Walrath, Harold E. L. Prins, and Bunny McBride
2011 Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge, Nineth Edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
Herz, Rachel
2007 The Scent of Desire: Discovering Our Enigmatic Sense of Smell. Harper Perennial, New York, NY.
Low, Kelvin E. Y.
2006 Presenting the Self, The Social Body, and The Olfactory: Managing Smells in Everyday Life Experiences. Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 49, No. 4 (Winter 2006), pp. 607-631.
Reinarz, Jonathan
2014 Past Scents: Historical Perspectives on Smell. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.
Rindisbacher, Hans J.
2015 What’s this Smell? Shifting Worlds of Olfactory Perception. KulturPoetik, 2015, B. 15, H. 1 (2015), pp. 70-104.
Roberts, Michelle
2023 Sniffing Body Odour Is Tested as an Anxiety Therapy. BBC, March 26, 2023, www.bbc.com/news/health-65049739.
Rodrigues, Nicole
2023 Lab-Grown Nose Gives Whiff of How Ancient Humans Used to Smell. DesignTaxi, February 2, 2023, designtaxi.com/news/422092/Lab-Grown-Nose-Gives-A-Whiff-Of-How-Ancient-Humans-Used-To-Smell/.
ScienceDaily
2021 Study Reveals How Smell Receptors Work. ScienceDaily, August 4, 2021, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/08/210804123451.htm.
SciTechDaily
2023 What Did Ancient Noses Smell? New Study Provides Insight. SciTechDaily, March 6, 2023, scitechdaily.com/what-did-ancient-noses-smell-new-study-provides-insight/.
Sethi, Parizaad Khan
2021 The Secret to a Longer Lasting Fragrance? Take a Cue from This Arab Tradition. The Zoe Report, May 27, 2021, www.thezoereport.com/beauty/middle-eastern-fragrance-traditions.
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2019 The Senses: Smell and Taste. DanaFoundation, August 12, 2019, dana.org/ article/the-senses-smell-and-taste/.
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Episode 8: The Banshees of Kansas City or Please Don’t Banshee Me, Bro!

Break out the tissues as The Two Humans get vulnerable and ask the eternal question: will you be my friend? This episode is r-a-w!
Episode 8: “The Banshees of Kansas City, OR, Please Don’t ‘Banshee’ Me, Bro!”
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
www.intro2anthro.podbean.com 
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542 
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Video of John & John referenced in this ep: https://youtu.be/vxd0Xu8GWQ8
Anthony, Andrew
2022 Friends Are Good For Us...So Why Do Many Men Have None At All? The Guardian, October 29, 2022, www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2022/oct/29/ friends-are-good-for-us-so-why-do-many-men-have-none-banshees-of-inisherin.
Aristotle
2011 Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics: A New Translation (Robert C. Bartlett and Susan D. Collins, Trans.). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Baltzly, Dirk and Nick Eliopoulos
2009 The Classical Ideals of Friendship. In Friendship: A History, edited by Barbara Caine, pp. 1-64, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
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1981 Worlds of Friendship. Sage Publications, Inc., Beverly Hills, CA.
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2009 Class, Sex and Friendship: The Long Nineteenth Century. In Friendship: A History, edited by Barbara Caine, pp. 223-278, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
Caine, Barbara
2009 Introduction. In Friendship: A History, edited by Barbara Caine, pp. ix-xvi, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
Caine, Barbara
2009 Taking up the Pen: Women and the Writing of Friendship. In Friendship: A History, edited by Barbara Caine, pp. 215-222, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
Chrisafis, Angelique
2023 French Philosopher Urges People to Rebel – By Making Friends. The Guardian, March 6, 2023, www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/mar/06/french- philosopher-geoffroy-de-lagasnerie-friendships.
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2023 Frontal Lobe: What Is It, Function, Location & Damage. Cleveland Clinic, my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24501-frontal-lobe.
Denworth, Lydia
2020 Friendship: The Evolution, Biology, and Extraordinary Power of Life’s Fundamental Bond. W. W. Norton & Company, New York, NY.
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2016 The Social Brain Hypothesis and Human Evolution. Oxford Research Encyclopedias, March 3, 2016, https://oxfordre.com/psychology/display/10.1093/ acrefore/ 9780190236557.001.0001 /acrefore-9780190236557-e-44;jsessionid =2E7301EFCFF2FFD53017F3F2E1ACD448.
Gowlett, John, Clive Gamble, and Robin Dunbar
2012 Human Evolution and the Archaeology of the Social Brain. Current Anthropology, Vol. 53, No. 6 (December 2012), pp. 693-722.
Irrera, Elena
2005 Between Advantage and Virtur: Aristotle’s Theory of Political Friendship. History of Political Thought, Winter 2005, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Winter 2005), pp. 565-585.
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2009 Renaissance Friendships: Traditional Truths, New and Dissenting Voices. In Friendship: A History, edited by Barbara Caine, pp. 111-164, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
Klein, Jessica and Casey Noenickx
2023 Can Gen Z Make Friends in the Pandemic Era? BBC, February 2, 2023, www.bbc.com/ worklife/article/20230201-can-gen-z-make-friends-in-the- pandemic-era.
Lewis, C. S.
1960 The Four Loves. HarperOne, San Francisco, CA. Mac Donnell, Chloe 2023 Oscar-Tipped Banshees of Inisherin Starts a Trend with Irish Knitwear. The Guardian, March 12, 2023, www.theguardian.com/film/2023/mar/12/oscar-tipped- banshees-of-inisherin-starts-a-trend-with-irish-knitwear.
Mews, Constant J.
2009 Cicero on Friendship. In Friendship: A History, edited by Barbara Caine, pp. 65- 72, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
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2009 The Latin West. In Friendship: A History, edited by Barbara Caine, pp. 73-110, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
O’Connell, Mark
2023 Blarney: The Banshees of Inisherin and the Put-On Irishness of Martin McDonagh. Slate, January 26, 2023, https://slate.com/culture/2023/01/martin- mcdonagh-irish-banshees-inisherin-blarney.html.
Peel, Mark
2009 New Worlds of Friendship: The Early Twentieth Century. In Friendship: A History, edited by Barbara Caine, pp. 279-316, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
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2009 The Importance of Friends. In Friendship: A History, edited by Barbara Caine, pp. 317-356, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
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1989 Romantic Friendship: Male Intimacy and Middle-Class Youth in the Northern United States, 1800-1900. Journal of Social History, Autumn, 1989, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Autumn, 1989), pp. 1-25.
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1980 Male Friendship and Intimacy across the Life Span. Family Relations, Jul., 1980, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Jul., 1980), pp. 273-279.
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