An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans

Episode 56: Remembrance of Things Past (Redux 2024) OR The Nauseating Neurasthenia of Nostalgia.

The Two Humans wax on, wax off, and wax nostalgic as they look back at humans’ longing for bygone days.
Episode 56: Remembrance of Things Past (Redux 2024) OR The Nauseating Neurasthenia of Nostalgia.
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans Human
Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Boym, Svetlana
2001 The Future of Nostalgia. Basic Books, New York, NY.
 
Clarke, Frances
2007 So Lonesome I Could Die: Nostalgia and Debates over Emotional Control in the Civil War North. Journal of Social History, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Winter, 2007), pp. 253-282.
 
Coontz, Stephanie
2016 The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap. Basic Books, New York, NY.
 
Diamond, Ellen
2023 The Neuroscience Behind Reunions: Understanding the Science Behind the Joy of Reconnecting. Psychreg, www.psychreg.org/neuroscience-behind-reunions-understanding-science-behind-joy-reconnecting/.
 
Divecha, Diana
2016 What Does a Developmental Psychologist See in a 40th Class Reunion? Developmental Science, July 23, 2016, www.developmentalscience.com/blog/ 2016/7/23/what-does-a-developmental-psychologist-see-in-a-40th-class-reunion.
 
Geher, Glenn
2018 High School Reunion as Psychological Time Travel. Psychology Today, December 11, 2018, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/darwins-subterranean-world/201812/high-school-reunion-psychological-time-travel.
 
Green, Jeffrey, Chelsea A. Reid, Margaret A. Kneuer, and Mattie V. Hedgebeth
2023 The Proust Effect: Scents, Food, and Nostalgia. Current Opinion in Psychology, Volume 50, April 2023, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/ S2352250X23000076.
 
Ludden, David
2020 The Psychology of Nostalgia. Psychology Today, March 2, 2020, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/talking-apes/202003/the-psychology-nostalgia.
 
Martocci, Laura
2022 Should You Go to Your High School Reunion? Psychology Today, March 1, 2022, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/you-can-t-sit-us/202203/should-you-go-your-high-school-reunion.
 
Matt, Susan J.
2007 You Can’t Go Home Again: Homesickness and Nostalgia in American History. The Journal of American History, Sep. 2007, Vol. 94, No. 2, (Sep., 2007), pp. 469-497.
 
Mechling, Lauren and Rachel Dodes
2024 Why Are Class Reunions So Terrifying? The Guardian, May 20, 2024, www.theguardian.com/global/commentisfree/article/2024/may/20/high-school-class-reunions-nostalgia.
 
Norwell, Jenifer
2023 Feeling Fearful about Your High School Reunion? You’re Not Alone. CBC News, July 8, 2023, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/high-school-reunion-relevance-1.6897949.
 
Proust, Marcel
1989 Swann’s Way (Remembrance of Things Past) (C. K. Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, trans.). Vintage International, New York, NY.
 
Sedikides, Constantine, Tim Wildschut, Jamie Arndt, and Clay Routledge
2008 Nostalgia: Past, Present, and Future. Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol. 17, No. 5 (Oct., 2008), pp. 304-307.
 
The 80s Cruise
2024 The Ultimate Eighties Party. The Eighties Cruise (website), the80scruise.com.
 
Van Tilburg, Miranda A. L., Elisabeth H. M. Eurelings-Bontekoe, et al.
1999 An Exploratory Investigation into Types of Adult Homesickness. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Vol. 68, No. 6 (1999), pp. 313-318.
 

Episode 55: Trust Me, You’ll Feel Better, Medicine from Quackery to Science to Quackery Again

What kind of doctor treats you if you step on a duck? The Two Humans cure what ails you as they look at the history of medical quackery. Please open your wallet and say “ah”!
Episode 55: Trust Me, You’ll Feel Better, Medicine from Quackery to Science to Quackery Again
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Belofsky, Nathan
2013 Strange Medicine: A Shocking History of Real Medical Practices through the Ages. A Perigree Book (Penguin Group), New York, NY.
 
Blakemore, Erin
2016 The Strange Tale of 19th-Century Quack Doctors. JSTOR Daily, July 5, 2016, daily.jstor.org/the-strange-tale-of-19th-century-quack-doctors/.
 
British Medical Journal
1912 The Evolution of Quack Medicine. The British Medial Journal, Jun. 8, 1912, Vol. 1, No. 2684, (Jun. 8, 1912), pp. 1322-1324.
 
Burton, Neel
2024 The Myth of Chiron, the Wounded Hero. Psychology Today, June 26 2024, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hide-and-seek/202102/the-myth-of-chiron-the-wounded-healer#:~:text=An%20Apollonian%20Teacher%20and%20Healer, pharmacy%2C%20medicine%2C%20and%20surgery.
 
CBS News
2020 Tales from the Annals of Medical Quackery. CBS News, April 26, 2020, www.cbsnews.com/news/quack-medicine-fake-cures-charlatans-and-snake-oil-salesmen/.
 
Drago, Elisabeth Berry
2020 Quacks, Plagues, and Pandemics. Science History Institute Museum & Library (website), December 15, 2020, www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/ quacks-plagues-and-pandemics/.
 
Furgiuele, Erica
2022 The Story of Clark Stanley, the Original Snake Oil Salesman. The Quota, May 31, 2022, www.thequota.co/articles/the-story-of-clark-stanley-the-original-snake-oil-salesman.
 
Hardy, Karen
2020 Paleomedicine and the Evolutionary Context of Medicinal Plant Use. Revista brasileira de farmacognosia, October 9, 2020, Vol. 31, 1–15 (2021), link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43450-020-00107-4.   
 
Janik, Erika and Matthew B. Jensen
2011 Giving Them What They Want: The Reinhardts and Quack Medicine in Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 2011, Vol. 94, No. 4 (Summer 2011), pp. 28-41.
 
Johns Hopkins Medicine
2024 Fecal Transplant. Johns Hopkins Medicine (website), www.hopkinsmedicine.org/ health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/fecal-transplant.
 
Kang, Lydia and Nate Pedersen
2017 Quackery: A Brief History of the Worst Ways to Cure Everything. Workman Publishing Company, New York, NY.
 
Kao, Audiey
2000 Medical Quackery: The Pseudo-Science of Health and Well-Being. AMA Journal of Ethics, April 2000, journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/medical-quackery-pseudo-science-health-and-well-being/2000-04.
 
Kerr, Breena
2017 The People Who Think Air Is Food. GQ, September 7, 2017, www.gq.com/story/ breatharians-the-people-who-think-air-is-food.
 
Mayo Clinic
2024 C. Difficile Infection. Mayo Clinic (website), www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/c-difficile/symptoms-causes/syc-20351691#:~:text= overview, threatening%20damage%20to%20the%20colon.
 
Medical News Today
2024 What Was Medicine Like in Prehistoric Times? Medical News Today (website), www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323556.
 
Nutton, Vivian
2006 The Rise of Medicine. The Cambridge History of Medicine (ed. Roy Porter). Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 
 
Porter, Roy
2006 Introduction. The Cambridge History of Medicine (ed. Roy Porter). Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 
2006 What Is Disease? The Cambridge History of Medicine (ed. Roy Porter). Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 
 
Qamar, Aysha
2024 At Least 5 States Report an Increase in Calls to Poison Control after Trump’s ‘Disinfectant’ COVID-19 Remarks. Michigan Poison & Drug Information Center (Wayne State University) (website), www.poison.med.wayne.edu/updates-content/kstytapp2qfstf0pkacdxmz943u1hs.
 
Shorter, Edward
2006 Primary Care. The Cambridge History of Medicine (ed. Roy Porter). Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 
 
Uslan, Dan
2021 What Is Ivermectin? How a Livestock Dewormer Became a Rumored COVID-19 Aid with Bad Side Effects. UCLA Health, September 3, 2021, www.uclahealth.org /news/article/what-is-ivermectin-how-a-livestock-de-wormer-became-a-rumored-covid-19-aid-with-bad-side-effects.
 

Episode 54: Rude, Crude, Lewd and Unglued,: Bad Behavior in Public Places.

Please take your seats, silence your phones, and get ready to get shushed as The Two Humans take on bad behavior in cinemas, theaters and planes. SHHHHHH!!
Episode 54: Rude, Crude, Lewd and Unglued, Bad Behavior in Public Places.
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
 
Resources:
Abad-Santos, Alex
2023 People Forgot How to Act in Public. Vox, August 21, 2023, www.vox.com/ culture/23835782/concert-attack-cardi-b-pink-ashes-movie-theater.
 
Alexander, Sean, Madi Oswalt, and Genny Sheara
2023 Concert Culture Has a Problem. The Spectator, October 25, 2023, seattlespectator.com/2023/10/25/concert-culture-has-a-problem/.
 
Archie, Ayana
2023 Cardi B Is the Latest Artist to Have Something Thrown at Them. So She Threw a Mic. NPR, July 31, 2023, www.npr.org/2023/07/31/1191157084/cardi-b-throws-microphone-fan-concert-drink.
 
Blossom, Priscilla
2021 Why Do People Share Bad Behavior on Social Media? Yahoo!Life, January 11, 2021, www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/bad-behavior-social-media-004532507.html.
 
Butsch, Richard
1994 Bowery B’hoys and Matinee Ladies: The Re-Gendering of Nineteenth-Century American Theater Audiences. American Quarterly, Sep., 1994, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Sep., 1994), pp. 374-405.
2001 Movie Audiences of the 1930s. International Labor and Working-Class History, Spring, 2001, No. 59, Workers and Film: As Subject and Audience (Spring, 2001), pp. 106-120.
 
Cleveland Clinic
2023 You’re the Star of the Show with Main Character Syndrome. Cleveland Clinic (website), December 14, 2023, health.clevelandclinic.org/what-to-know-about-main-character-syndrome.
Cooper, Colin
2024 Exploring the Influence of Social Media on Human Behavior. Medium, January 17, 2024, medium.com/@colin-cooper/exploring-the-influence-of-social-media-on-human-behavior-3fc5baf6f273.
 
Curtis, Nick
2023 Sex, Violence and Singalongs: How London’s Theatre Crowds Forgot How to Behave. The Standard, April 11, 2023, www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-theatres-bad-behaviour-audiences-worse-b1064018.html.
 
Des Marais, Saya 
2024 Beyond the Role of Main Character Syndrome. PsychCentral.com, May 31, 2024, psychcentral.com/health/main-character-syndrome.
 
Doonan, Simon
2014 Throw Out the Rule Book! Slate, March 20, 2014, slate.com/human-interest/2014/03/modern-manners-simon-doonan-on-celebrity-nose-picking-and-how-to-rewrite-the-etiquette-books.html.
 
Feuerherd, Peter
2019 When an Argument over Macbeth Incited a Bloody Riot. JSTOR Daily, May 10, 2019, daily.jstor.org/an-argument-over-macbeth-incited-a-bloody-riot/.
 
Hartley, Cecil B.
2017 The Gentlemen’s Book of Etiquette: A Manual of Politeness from a Gentler Time. Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, NY.
 
Heritage, Stewart
2023 Chaos in the Aisles: Has Cinema Etiquette Reached an All-Time Low? The Guardian, August 7, 2023, www.theguardian.com/film/2023/aug/07/movie-theater-fights-cellphones-bad-behavior.
 
Hines, Morgan
2023 Fan Throws Bag of Ashes at Pink During Tour Concert. USA Today, June 27, 2023, www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2023/06/27/pink-concert-fan-throws-ashes-on-stage/70359893007/.
 
Jackson, Ashawnta
2023 Riot! At the Theater. JSTOR Daily, May 5, 2023, daily.jstor.org/riot-at-the-theater/.
 
Jay, Timothy B.
2017 We Did What?! Offensive and Inappropriate Behavior in American History. Greenwood, Santa Barbara, CA.
 
Kellem, Betsy Golden
2017 When New York City Rioted over Hamlet Being Too British. Smithsonian Magazine, July 19, 2017, www.smithsonianmag.com/history/when-new-york-rivalry-over-shakespeare-boiled-over-deadly-melee-180964102/.
 
Khomami, Nadia
2023 Bad Behavior at Concerts Is Becoming Normalised, Experts Say. The Guardian, August 4, 2023, www.theguardian.com/music/2023/aug/04/bad-behaviour-at-concerts-normalised-experts-say.
 
Lenhart, Amanda, Mary Madden, Aaron Smith, and Kathryn Zickuhr
2011 Teens, Kindness and Cruelty on Social Media Sites. Pew Research Center (website), November 9, 2011, www.pewresearch.org/internet/2011/11/09/teens-kindness-and-cruelty-on-social-network-sites/.
 
Lewis, Isobel
2023 The Bodyguard: Police Called to Manchester Palace Theatre after Audience ‘Riot’ Ends Show Early. Independent, April 8, 2023, ca.news.yahoo.com/ bodyguard-police-called-manchester-palace-090506956.html.
 
McNamara, Mary
2023 Americans Have Forgotten How to Behave. And It’s Time to Stop Blaming the Pandemic. Los Angeles Times, August 17, 2023, www.yahoo.com/entertainment/ column-americans-forgotten-behave-time-100031955.html.
 
Minelle, Bethany
2023 Audiences Behaving Badly: An Epidemic of Anti-Social Behavior in Theatres, Concerts and Gigs. Sky News, September 2, 2023, news.sky.com/story/ audiences-behaving-badly-an-epidemic-of-anti-social-behaviour-in-theatres-concerts-and-gigs-12952497.
 
Osborne, Samuel
2023 Police Called to ‘Disturbance’ at Manchester Palace Theatre during The Bodyguard Musical after Audience ‘Tried to Sing over Cast.’ Sky News, April 8, 2023, news.sky.com/story/police-called-to-disturbance-at-manchester-palace-theatre-during-the-bodyguard-musical-after-audience-tried-to-sing-over-cast-12852504.
 
Reed, Phil
2021 The Trouble with ‘Main Character Syndrome.’ Psychology Today, June 1, 2021, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/digital-world-real-world/202106/the-trouble-main-character-syndrome.
 
Rosenbloom, Alli
2023 Here We Go Again: Harry Styles Hit in Eye with Object While Performing on Stage at Vienna Concert. CNN, July 10, 2023, www.cnn.com/2023/07/09/ entertainment/harry-styles-hit-eye-stage/index.html.
 
Seattle Shakespeare Company
2024 Who Were These People? Audiences in Shakespeare’s Day. Seattle Shakespeare Company (website), www.seattleshakespeare.org/who-were-these-people/.
 
Sedgman, Kirsty
2023 On Being Unreasonable: Why Being Bad Can Be a Force for Good. Faber & Faber Ltd, London, UK.
 
Stewart, Sara
2023 Opinion: We No Longer Know How to Behave in Public. CNN, August 9, 2023, www.cnn.com/2023/08/09/opinions/audience-behavior-barbenheimer-cardib-adele-summer-stewart/index.html.
 
The Guardian
2023 ‘I Always Confront’: Guardian Readers on the Decline of Cinema Etiquette. The Guardian, August 8, 2023, www.theguardian.com/film/2023/aug/08/guardian-readers-cinema-etiquette-bad-behavior-anecdotes.
 
Wong, Curtis M.
2023 Ava Max Slapped by Concertgoer Days after Bebe Rexha Phone Incident. Huffpost, June 21, 2023, https://uk.style.yahoo.com/news/ava-max-slapped-concertgoer-days-201114936.html?.
 
Works & Days
2024 Margaret Thatcher: There’s No Such Thing as Society. Works & Days (website), newlearningonline.com/new-learning/chapter-4/neoliberalism-more-recent-times/margaret-thatcher-theres-no-such-thing-as-society.
 
Yousif, Nadine
2024 Dublin-NY Portal Temporarily Shut Due to ‘Inappropriate Behaviour.’ BBC, May 14, 2024, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-69006674

Episode 53: This Toot Shall Pass, The Fabulous History of Farting

The Two Humans climb into their gas-powered time machine to find out why farts are so damn funny. Fire retro rockets NOW!!
Episode 53: This Toot Shall Pass, The Fabulous History of Farting
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
 
Resources:
Bart, Benjamin
1993 The History of Farting. Shelter Harbor Press, New York, NY.
 
BBC
2024 8 (Sometimes Surprising) Foods That Make You Fart. BBC.com (website), www.bbc.co.uk/food/articles/why_food_makes_you_fart.
 
Bedi, Rahul
2021 A Brief History of Passing Wind. The Wire, July 14, 2021, thewire.in/humour/a-brief-history-of-passing-wind.
 
Beresini, Erin
2013 Is High Altitude Gas a Thing? Outside, September 30, 2013, www.outsideonline.com /health/training-performance/high-altitude-gas-thing/.
 
Borresen, Kelsey
2018 What Marriage Experts Think about Couples Who Fart in Front of Each Other. HuffPost, March 20, 2018, www.huffpost.com/entry/couples-farting-in-front-of-each-other_n_5aaff5dee4b00549ac7e06b2.
 
Cowie, Ashley
2018 From Fart Gods to Farting Out One’s Soul: The Historic Ritualization of Farts. Ancient Origins, March 5, 2018, www.ancient-origins.net/history-ancient-traditions/fart-gods-farting-out-one-s-soul-historic-ritualization-farts-009699.
 
Dawson, Jim
1999 Who Cut the Cheese? A Cultural History of the Fart. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA.
2010 Did Somebody Step on a Duck? A Natural History of the Fart. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA.
 
De Boinod, Adam Jacot
2014 The Ultimate Guide to Cockney Rhyming Slang. The Guardian, June 9, 2014, www.theguardian.com/education/2014/jun/09/guide-to-cockney-rhyming-slang .
 
Elhassan, Khalid
2020 The Fart That Killed 10,000 People, and Other Weird Moments from History. History Collection, July 18, 2020, historycollection.com/the-fart-that-killed-10000-people-and-other-weird-moments-from-history/.
 
Freeman, Gary
2018 Songs Classic Rock DJ’s Play When They Have to Go Pee. 101.9 The Rock (website), September 20, 2018, 1019therock.com/songs-classic-rock-djs-play-when-they-have-to-go-pee-videos/.
 
Giddens, Sheshe
2020 Flatulence: Everything You Wanted to Know about Farting. Houston Methodist Leading Medicine (website), October 13, 2020, www.houstonmethodist.org/ blog/articles/2020/oct/flatulence-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-farting/.
 
Jay, Timothy B.
2017 We Did That?! Offensive and Inappropriate Behavior in American History (ed. Timothy B. Jay). Greenwood, Santa Barbara, CA.
 
Levitan, Corey
2015 Your Big Stinky Guide to the Fascinating History of Farts. Men’s Health, January 12, 2015, www.menshealth.com/trending-news/a19530198/history-of-farts/.
 
Mandal, Ananya
2023 Flatulence Culture. News Medical, June 13, 2023, www.news-medical.net/health/Flatulence-Culture.aspx#:~:text=In%20many%20cultures %2C%20breaking%20wind,laughed%20off%2C%20especially%20among%20children.
 
Mashburn, Rebecca
2024 ‘This Too Shall Pass’: History, Origin and Bible Teaching. Christianity.com, May 23, 2024, www.christianity.com/wiki/bible/this-too-shall-pass.html.
 
Rampton, Mike
2021 20 Memorable Farts Heard ‘Round the World.’ Mental Floss, September 20, 2021, www.mentalfloss.com/article/649356/fart-history-memorable-moments.
 
Rodriguez, Linda
2015 The History of Farting for Money. The New Republic, December 30, 2015, newrepublic.com/article/126812/history-farting-money.
 
Spiegel, James
2015 From Sumerians to Shakespeare to Twain: Why Fart Jokes Never Get Old. The Conversation, August 17, 2015, theconversation.com/from-the-sumerians-to-shakespeare-fart-jokes-never-get-old-41211.
 
Suckling, Lee
2015 Modern Etiquette: What Do I Do When I Pass Wind in Public? The New Zealand Herald, March 30, 2015, www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/modern-etiquette-what-do-i-do-when-i-pass-wind-in-public/PZ6HYUYOMPAYCUHXZ6BYDQDG64/#google_vignette.
 
Whalen, M. D.
2017 Big Book of Farty Facts. Top Floor Books, Hong Kong, China.
 

Episode 52: Spanking Off the Years, A Celebratory Look at Birthday Traditions

It’s their party and they’ll cry if they want to! The Two Humans celebrate their one-year birthday with a buffet of birthday foods and traditions from around the world. 
Episode 52: Spanking Off the Years, A Celebratory Look at Birthday Traditions
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Argetsinger, Kathryn
1992 Birthday Rituals: Friends and Patrons in Roman Poetry and Cult. Classical Antiquity, Oct., 1992, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Oct., 1992), pp. 175-193.
 
Bags of Love
2024 History of Birthday Celebrations: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know—And Then Some. Bags of Love (website), www.bagsoflove.com/blog/history-of-birthday-everything-you-ever-needed-to-know/.
 
BirthdayCelebrations.net
2024 Traditions from Around the World: Birthday Celebrations from America. BirthdayCelebrations.net (website).
 
BBC
2023 How Are Birthdays Celebrated across the World? BBC.com, September 2023, www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zs4gdnb.
 
Cheung, Theresa
2023 The Element Encyclopedia of Birthdays. Harper Element, London, UK.
 
Chudacoff, Howard P.
1989 How Old Are You? Age Consciousness in American Culture. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
 
Debjani
2018 Chaler Payesh, aka Bengali Rice Kheer. Debjani Rannaghar: The Kitchen of Debjani (website), October 22, 2018, kitchenofdebjani.com/2018/10/chaler-payesh-aka-bengali-rice-kheer/.
Drzazgowski, Alexandria
2021 Oto (Mashed Yams with Red Onions) from Ghana. The Foreign Fork (website), August 13, 2021, foreignfork.com/oto/.
 
Eagle, Mary Ann
2000 Tet Is Everybody’s Birthday. Saveur, November 6, 2000, www.saveur.com/ article/Travels/Tet-Is-Everybodys-Birthday/.
 
Gore, Makinze
2024 Tres Leches Cake. Delish, April 15, 2024, www.delish.com/cooking/recipe-ideas/a58567/easy-tres-leches-cake-recipe/.
 
Hagan, Elizabeth
2022 The Sweet History of the Birthday Cake. The Sugar Association (website), March 2022, www.sugar.org/blog/the-sweet-history-of-birthday-cakes/.
 
Katterman, Stella
2019 My Swedish Princess Cake Recipe (No Baking Required). Stella’s Wardrobe (website), www.stellaswardrobe.com/2019/09/my-diy-swedish-princess-cake-no-baking.html.
 
Kiosow, Brooklyn
2023 Unwrapping the Strange History of Birthday Celebrations [Thoughts after Dark]. Thomasnet.com, February 23, 2023, www.thomasnet.com/insights/unwrapping-the-strange-history-of-birthday-celebrations-thoughts-after-dark/.
 
Leila’s Empanadas
2024 Brigadeiro. Brigadeiro (on the box of chocolates), 2024.
 
Levene, Alysa
2016 Cake: A Slice of History. Pegasus Books, New York, NY.
Lo, Eileen Yin-Fei
2022 Longevity Noodles. Food & Wine, December 7, 2022, www.foodandwine.com/ recipes/longevity-noodles.
 
Mejia, Paula
2018 The Political Lore of an Iconic Brazilian Sweet. Atlas Obscura, August 27, 2018, www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-did-the-brigadeiro-become-popular.
 
Nivera, Katrien
2024 9 Dutch Birthday Traditions That’ll Confuse the Heck Out of Internationals. DutchReview, February 29, 2024, dutchreview.com/culture/dutch-birthday-traditions/.
 
Redlich, Orly
2020 The Concept of Birthday: A Theoretical, Historical, and Social Overview, in Judaism and Other Cultures. World Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, September 21, 2020, Vol: 14, No. 9, pp. 791-801.
 
Rosanas Ideas
2019 Argentinian Crumb Sandwiches. Cookpad (website), January 5, 2019, cookpad.com/us/recipes/6788546-argentinian-crumb-sandwiches.
 
Ruurs, Margriet and Ashley Barron
2017 Birthdays around the World. Kids Can Press, Toronto, Canada.
 
Santos, Leticia Cezario
2023 After All, When Did Celebrating Birthdays Become a Thing? The Oakland Post, February 15, 2023, oaklandpostonline.com/45230/features/after-all-when-did-celebrating-birthdays-became-a-thing/.
 
Schuette, Sarah L.
2010 Happy Birthday! Birthday Customs around the World. Capstone Press, North Mankato, MN.
 
Shoham, Hizky
2021 It’s about Time: Birthdays As Modern Rites of Temporality. Time & Society, Volume 30, Issue 1, pp. 78-99.
 
Tolone, Cecilia
2023 Princesstarta: Swedish Princess Cake. Cecilia Tolone (website), September 15, 2023, ceciliatolone.com/prinsesstarta-swedish-princess-cake/.
 

Episode 51: Many the Moochers, The Co-Dependent Relationship between Parasites and Humans

The Two Humans host a plethora of lice, fleas, and worms as they scratch, pick, and dig into the history of parasites and humans.
Episode 51: Many the Moochers, The Co-Dependent Relationship between Parasites and Humans
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
 
Resources:
Bahe, Cindy and Addy Bink
2024 Several Family Members Infected with Parasite after Eating Bear Meat: CDC. The Hill, May 28, 2024, thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/prevention-cures/4687220-several-family-members-infected-with-parasite-after-eating-bear-meat-cdc/?lv=true.
 
Bichell, Rae Ellen
2025 Our Parasites and Vermin Reveal Secrets of Human History. NPR, December 14, 2015, www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/24/460029361/our-parasites-and-vermin-reveal-secrets-of-human-history.
 
Caporuscio, Jessica
2020 What to Know about Eyelash Mites. Medical News Today, September 15, 2020, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/eyelash-mites.
 
Cleveland Clinic
2024 Pubic Lice (Crabs). Cleveland Clinic (website), my.clevelandclinic.org/ health/diseases/4522-pubic-lice-crabs.
 
Cole, Lucinda
2016 Imperfect Creatures: Vermin, Literature, and the Sciences of Life, 1600-1740. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
 
Craig, Susanne
2024 R.F.K. Jr. Says Doctors Found a Dead Worm in His Brain. The New York Times, May 8, 2024, www.nytimes.com/2024/05/08/us/rfk-jr-brain-health-memory-loss.html#:~:text=R.F.K.-,Jr.,ate%20part%20of%20his%20brain.
 
Despommier, Dickson D.
2013 People, Parasites & Plowshares: Learning from Our Body’s Most Terrifying Invaders. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
 
De Waal, Frans
1982 Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. 
 
De Waal, Frans and Frans Lanting
1997 Bonobos : The Forgotten Ape. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
 
Draper, David
2024 Why You Need to Try Black Bear Meat Now. Petersen’s Hunting (website), www.petersenshunting.com/editorial/why-you-need-to-try-black-bear-meat-now/272230.
 
Drisdelle, Rosemary
2010 Parasites: Tales of Humanity’s Most Unwelcome Guests. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 
 
Fisher, Charles L., Karl J. Reinhard, Matthew Kirk, and Justin DiVirgilio
2007 Privies and Parasites: The Archaeology of Health Conditions in Albany New York. Historical Archaeology, 2007, Vol. 41, No. 4 (2007), pp. 172-197.
 
Garcia, Lynne S.
1997 Classification of Human Parasites. Clinical Infectious Diseases, Jul., 1997, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Jul., 1997), pp. 21-23.
 
Haviland, William A., Dana Walrath, Harold E. L. Prins, and Bunny McBride
2011 Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge, Nineth Edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
 
Klein, Aaron
1981 The Parasites We Humans Harbor. Elsevier/Nelson Books, New York, NY.
 
Mayhew, Henry
1985 London Labour and the London Poor. Penguin Books, London, UK. (Originally published in 1851)
2010 London Labour and the London Poor: A Selected Edition. Edited by Robert Douglas-Fairhurst. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. (Originally published in 1851)
 
Renfrew, Colin and Paul Bahn
2008 Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice (Fifth Edition). Thames and Hudson, New York, NY.
 
Salamon, Maureen
2022 Eyelash Mites: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment. WebMD, November 8, 2022, www.webmd.com/eye-health/eyelash-mites.
 
Visser, Margaret
1991 The Rituals of Dinner: The Origins, Evolution, Eccentricities and Meaning of Table Manners. Grove Weidenfeld, New York, NY.
 
World Health Organization
2024 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia). World Health Organization (website), www.who.int/health-topics/schistosomiasis#tab=tab_1.
 
Yang, Maya
2024 Family Infected with Parasitic Worms in US after Eating Bear Meat, CDC Says. The Guardian, May 26, 2024, www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may /26/ people-infected-bear-meat-parasitic-worms-trichinellosis.
 
Zinsser, Hans
2013 Rats, Lice & History. Read Books Ltd., Las Vegas, NV. (Originally published in 1935)

Episode 50: Borderlines, Seems Like We’ve Already Lost Our Minds

The Two Humans push their love over the borderline to find out what’s going on with borders.  
Episode 50: “Borderlines, Seems Like We’ve Already Lost Our Minds”
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Aguirre, Jr., Adalberto and Jennifer Simmers
2009 Mexican Border Crossers: The Mexican Body in Immigration Discourse. Social Justice, 2008-2009, Vol. 35, No. 4 (114), Migrant Labor and Contested Public Space (2008-09), pp. 99-106.
 
Barrera, Mario
1979 Race and Class in the Southwest: A Theory of Racial Inequality. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN.
 
Benton-Cohen, Katherine
2009 Borderline Americans: Racial Division and Labor War in the Arizona Borderlands. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
 
Cauchi, E. D.
2023 Mexican Drug Cartels Pay Americans to Smuggle Weapons across the Border, Intelligence Documents Show. CBS News, September 18, 2023, www.cbsnews.com/news /mexican-drug-cartels-american-weapons-smuggled-across-border/.
 
Deverell, William
2004 Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the Remaking of Its Mexican Past. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
 
Ebright, Malcolm
2008 Land Grants & Lawsuits in Northern New Mexico. Center for Land Grant Studies Press, Santa Fe, NM.
 
Ferraro, Gary and Susan Andreatta
2012 Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective, Ninth Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
 
Grassiani, Erella and Michiel Swinkels
2014 Introduction: Engaging with Borders. Etnofoor, 2014, Vol. 26, No. 1, Borders (2014) pp. 7-12.
 
Love, Mindi C.
2006 Johnson County, Kansas: A Pictorial History, 1825-2005. Johnson County Museum, Shawnee, KS.
 
Luna-Firebaugh, Eileen M. 
2002 The Border Crossed Us: Border Crossing Issues of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. Wicazo Sa Review, Spring 2002, Vol. 17, No. 1, Sovereignty and Governance (Spring 2002), pp. 159-181.
 
Massey, Douglas S.
2016 The Mexico-U.S. Border in the American Imagination. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, June 2016, Vol. 160, No. 2 (June 2016), pp. 160-177.
 
National Humanities Center
2024 Declaration of Independence. National Humanities Center (website), americainclass.org/sources/makingrevolution/rebellion/text8/decindep.pdf.
 
Resendez, Andres
2004 Changing National Identities at the Frontier: Texas and New Mexico, 1800-1850. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
 
Shoichet, Catherine E.
2024 At 91, He’s One of the Last Surviving Participants in a US Program Described as ‘Legalized Slavery.’ CNN, May 22, 2024, www.cnn.com/2024/05/21/travel/ braceros-landmark-texas-rio-vista-cec/index.html.
 
St. John, Rachel
2011 Line in the Sand: A History of the Western U.S.-Mexico Border. Princeton University Press, Princeton, PA.
 
Tarlton Law Library
2024 Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836). Tarlton Law Library (website), tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/republic-texas-1836/introduction.
 
United States Drug Enforcement Agency
2024 Facts about Fentanyl. United States Drug Enforcement Administration (website), www.dea.gov/resources/facts-about-fentanyl.
 
University of Texas Arlington
2024 Taos Revolt. A Continent Divided: The U.S.-Mexico War (website), libraries.uta.edu/usmexicowar/topic/taos-revolt.
 
Volle, Adam
2024 Globalization. Encyclopaedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/money/ globalization.
 
Weber, David J.
1982 The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest under Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.
 
Wilson, Thomas M.
2024 Borders, Boundaries, Frontiers. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.
 
Wilson, Thomas M. and Hastings Donnan
1998 Nation, State, and Identity at International Frontiers. Border Identities: Nation and State at International Frontiers (ed. Thomas M. Wilson and Hastings Donnan), Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, Australia.

Episode 49: WTF with ESP? Is it QED or BFD?

I see you listening to a podcast… I sense you are going to like this one…The Two Humans clear their minds and project their thoughts about extrasensory perception. 
Episode 49: “WTF with ESP? Is it QED or BFD?”
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Carey, Benedict
2011 Journal’s Paper on ESP Expected to Prompt Outrage. The New York Times, January 5, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/01/06/science/06esp.html#:~:text= One%20of%20psychology%27s%20most%20respected,it%20is%20already%20mortifying%20scientists.
 
Brankovic, Marija
2019 Who Believes in ESP: Cognitive and Motivational Determinants of the Belief in Extra-Sensory Perception. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 2019 February; 15(1), pp. 120-139.
 
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia
2007 Crystal Gazing. Encyclopaedia Britannica, October 10, 2007, www.britannica.com/topic/crystal-gazing.
 
Eysenck, Michael and David Groome
2019 Extra-Sensory Perception. The Psychology of the Paranormal (ed. David Groome, Michael Eysenck, and Robin Law). Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
 
Getty Research Institute
2024 Through the Obsidian Mirror. The Getty Research Institute (website), www.getty.edu/research/exhibitions_events/exhibitions/obsidian_mirror/through_the_mirror.html.
 
Haseltine, Eric
2015 Telekinesis (Making Things Move with Your Mind) Is Possible. Psychology Today, September 26, 2015, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/long-fuse-big-bang/201509/telekinesis-making-things-move-your-mind-is-possible.
History.com Editors
2023 Nostradamus. History.com (website), August 11, 2023, www.history.com/topics/ paranormal/Nostradamus.
 
Jacobsen, Annie
2017 Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government’s Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis. Little, Brown and Company, New York, NY.
 
Kolitz, Daniel
2020 Could Brain Implants Ever Make Telekinesis Possible? Gizmodo, October 19, 2020, gizmodo.com/could-brain-implants-ever-make-telekinesis-possible-1845395619.
 
Kolitz, Daniel and Andrea Stocco
2024 Could Brain Implants Ever Make Telekinesis Possible? University of Washington/Department of Psychology (website), psych.uw.edu/news/2965.
 
Ludden, David
2016 Are You an Intuitive or Analytic Thinker? Psychology Today, February 21, 2016, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/talking-apes/201602/are-you-intuitive-or-analytical-thinker.
 
McVaugh, Michael and Seymour H. Mauskopf
1976 J. B. Rhine’s Extra-Sensory Perception and Its Background in Psychical Research. Isis, Jun., 1976, Vol. 67, No. 2 (Jun., 1976), pp. 160-189.
 
Mikuskova, Eva Ballova and Vladimira Cavojova
2020 The Effect of Analytic Cognitive Style on Credulity. Frontiers in Psychology, October 15, 2020, www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/ articles/ 10.3389/ fpsyg.2020.584424/full.
 
Moesgaard, Simon
2016 The Intuitive and Analytical Thinking Style: Which One is Yours? Reflectd, February 24, 2016, reflectd.co/2016/02/24/thinking-styles/.
 
Morris, Robert L.
1998 Extra-sensory Perception. RSA Journal, 1998, Vol. 145, No. 5484 (1998), pp. 124-130.
 
Newton, Christie, Justin Feeney, and Gordon Pennycook
2023 On the Disposition to Think Analytically: Four Distinct Intuitive-Analytic Thinking Styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 50(6), March 2, 2023, pp. 906-923.
 
Powell, Diane Hennacy
2009 The ESP Enigma: The Scientific Case for Psychic Phenomena. Walker & Company, New York, NY.
 
Randi, James
2022 Flim-Flam: Psychics, ESP, Unicorns and Other Delusions. Prometheus Books, Essex, CT.
 
Resnick, Ariane
2023 Are You the Victim of the Barnum Effect? Understanding the Psychology of Generalizations. Verywell Mind, July 21, 2023, www.verywellmind.com/barnum-effect-7561323.
 
Rhine, J. B.
2011 Extra-Sensory Perception. Branden Books, Wellesley, MA.
Robinson, Eric
2009 Extra-sensory Perception—A Controversial Topic. The British Psychology Society (website), Jully 6, 2009, www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/extra-sensory-perception-controversial-debate.
 
Schick, Jr., Theodore and Lewis Vaughn
2014 How to Think about Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
 
Storr, Will
2006 Will Storr vs. the Supernatural. Harper, New York, NY.
 
Targ, Russell
2004 Limitless Mind: A Guide to Remote Viewing and Transformation of Conscious. New World Library, Novato, CA.
2012 The Reality of ESP: A Physicist’s Proof of Psychic Abilities. Quest Books, Wheaton, IL. 
 
Vohs, Kathleen D.
2024 Barnum Effect. Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/science/Barnum-Effect.
 
Whitcomb, Isobel
2021 What Is ESP? Live Science, August 30, 2021, www.livescience.com/ESP.
 
Wiseman, Richard and Robert L. Morris
1995 Recalling Pseudo-Psychic Demonstrations. British Journal of Psychology (1995), 86, pp.113-125.

Episode 48: Otzi, Brad, Juanita and Pete, Hollywood A-Listers and the Celebrity Mummies of Archaeology

Scandals, mysteries and murder! And guess who was seen at Cannes on the arm of one of Hollywood’s top actors? The Two Humans dish gossip on celebrity mummy Otzi the Iceman. 
Episode 48: Otzi, Brad, Juanita and Pete, Hollywood A-Listers and the Celebrity Mummies of Archaeology 
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Adebowale, Temi
2019 Here’s the Meaning Behind Brad Pitt’s New Arm Tattoo. Men’s Health, August 29, 2019, www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a28857088/brad-pitt-new-arm-tattoo/.
 
Aldhouse-Green, Miranda
 2015 Bog Bodies Uncovered: Solving Europe’s Ancient Mystery. Thames and Hudson, NY.
 
Archaeology Magazine
2022 Researchers Revisit Circumstances of Otzi the Iceman’s Death. Archaeology Magazine, November 29, 2022, www.archaeology.org/news/11002-221129-otzi-death.
 
Barbour, Shannon
2018 32 of the Most Ridiculous, Outrageous, and Downright Confusing Celebrity Tattoos. Cosmopolitan, May 3, 2018, www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/ g19667016/bad-crazy-funny-celebrity-tattoos/.
 
Becker, Emily
2021 33 Celebrities Who Regret Their Tattoos. Women’s Health, April 3, 2021, www.womenshealthmag.com/life/g35893046/celebrities-who-regret-tattoos/.
 
Bonn-Muller, Eti
2007 “Brotzi” Emerges. Archaeology Magazine, Volume 60, Number 5, September/ October 2007, archive.archaeology.org/0709/trenches/brotzi.html.
 
Bower, Bruce 
2024 How Otzi the Iceman Really Got His Tattoos. Science News, April 5, 2024, www.sciencenews.org/article/otzi-iceman-tattoos-anthropology-mummies.
 
Buchan, Kit
2018 Meeting the Ancestors…The Two Brothers Creating Lifelike Figures of Early Man. The Guardian, May 5, 2018, amp.theguardian.com/science/2018/may/ 05/meet-the-ancestors-two-brothers-lifelike-figures-early-man-adrie-and-alfons-kennis.
 
Connolly, R. C. 
1985 Lindow Man: Britain’s Prehistoric Bog Body. Anthropology Today, Oct., 1985, Vol. 1, No. 5 (Oct., 1985), pp. 15-17.
 
Contino, Kristin
2023 Brad Pitt’s Tattoos and Their Meanings: A Complete Guide. Page Six, January 4, 2023, pagesix.com/article/brad-pitts-tattoos-and-their-meanings-a-complete-guide/.
 
Daly, Patrick
2022 Curse of the Frozen Mummy and the Gruesome Deaths Suffered by Those Who Found Him. The Mirror, December 9, 2022, www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/curse-frozen-mummy-gruesome-deaths-28685652.
 
Fleckinger, Angelika
2020 Otzi, the Iceman: The Full Facts at a Glance. Folio, Vienna, Austria.
 
Handwerk, Brian
2023 Famed 5,300-Year-Old Alps Iceman Was a Balding Middle-Aged Man with Dark Skin and Eyes. Smithsonian Magazine, August 16, 2023, www.smithsonianmag. com/science-nature/famed-5300-year-old-alps-iceman-was-a-balding-middle-aged-man-with-dark-skin-and-eyes-180982744/.
Hrodey, Matt
2023 A DNA Analysis Upends What We Thought Otzi the Iceman Looked Like. Discover, August 23, 2023, www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/a-dna-analysis-upends-what-we-thought-oetzi-the-iceman-looked-like.
 
Hyde, Marina
2007 Meet the Man Who Inspired Brad’s Tattoo. The Guardian, August 30, 2007, www.theguardian.com/film/2007/aug/31/7?CMP=gu_com.
 
Kuta, Sarah
2022 Rewriting the Story of Otzi, the Murdered Iceman. Smithsonian Magazine, November 10, 2022, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/the-true-story-behind-otzi-the-murdered-iceman-180981103/.
 
Levine, Joshua
2017 Europe’s Famed Bog Bodies Are Starting to Reveal Their Secrets. Smithsonian Magazine, May 2017, www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/europe-bog-bodies-reveal-secrets-180962770/.
 
Lewis, Susan K.
2006 The Perfect Corpse: Bog Bodies of the Iron Age. Nova, January 2006, www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bog/iron-nf.html.
 
MacDonald, James
2017 The Unsolved Case of Otzi the Iceman. JSTOR Daily, April 12, 2017, daily.jstor.org/the-unsolved-case-of-otzi-the-iceman/.
 
McMahon, Barbara
2005 Scientist Seen As Latest ‘Victim’ of Iceman. The Guardian, April 20, 2005, www.theguardian.com/science/2005/apr/20/science.italy.
Pearson, Mike Parker
1986 Lindow Man and the Danish Connection: Further Light on the Mystery of the Bogman. Anthropology Today, Feb., 1986, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Feb., 1986), pp. 15-18.
 
Pringle, Heather
2013 ScienceShot: The Iceman, Death by Blood Clot? Science, June 11, 2013, www.science.org/content/article/scienceshot-iceman-death-blood-clot.
 
Randau, Felix (Director)
2017 Iceman [Film]. Port-au-Prince Echo, Film Lucky Bird, Pictures Amour Fou, Vienna.
 
Renfrew, Colin and Paul Bahn
2008 Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice (Fifth Edition). Thames and Hudson, New York, NY.
 
Rollo, Franco, Massimo Ubaldi, Lucas Ermini, and Isolina Marota
2002 Otzi’s Last Meals: DNA Analysis of the Intestinal Content of the Neolithic Mummy from the Alps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Oct. 1, 2002, Vol. 99, No. 20 (Oct. 1, 2002), pp. 12594-12599.
 
Spindler, Konrad
1994 The Man in the Ice. Harmony Books, New York, NY.
 
Strickland, Ashley
2023 A Young Woman Was Sacrificed and Frozen for 500 Years in the Andes. Scientists Just Revealed Her Face. CNN, November 3, 2023, edition.cnn.com/ 2023/11/03/world/ice-maiden-juanita-facial-reconstruction-scn/index.html.
Surugue, Lea
2016 World’s Oldest ‘Cold Case’? Otzi the Iceman’s Murder Finally Solved. International Business Times, September 26, 2016, www.ibtimes.co.uk/worlds-oldest-cold-case-otzi-icemans-murder-finally-solved-1583317.
 

Episode 47: Squeaky Clean, A Holistic History of Human Hygiene

Rubber ducky? Check. Shower cap? Check. The Two Humans head to the bathroom to investigate the history of personal hygiene. 
Episode 47--Squeaky Clean: A Holistic History of Human Hygiene
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
AOBiome Therapeutics
2024 AOBiome Therapeutics (website), www.aobiome.com.
 
Ashenburg, Katherine
2007 The Dirt on Clean: An Unsanitized History. North Point Press, New York, NY.
 
Bushman, Richard L. and Claudia L. Bushman
1988 The Early History of Cleanliness in America. The Journal of American History, Mar., 1988, Vol. 74, No. 4 (Mar., 1988), pp. 1213-1238.
 
Curtis, Valerie
2007 Dirt, Disgust and Disease: A Natural History of Hygiene. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (1979-), Vol. 61, No. 8 (August 2007), pp. 660-664.
 
Dyer, Gabrielle
2019 Meet Mother Dirt, the World’s First Live Bacteria Skincare. Cosmopolitan, April 23, 2019, www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/beauty-hair/a27193769/mother-dirt-ao-live-bacteria-skincare/.
 
Elmasry, Faiza
2020 Historian Explores the Evolution of Personal Hygiene. Voice of America, April 22, 2020, www.voanews.com/a/science-health_historian-explores-evolution-personal-hygiene/6187950.html.
 
Hartley, Cecil B.
2017 The Gentlemen’s Book of Etiquette: A Manual of Politeness from a Gentler Time. Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, NY.
 
Indigo Invitational
2024 Indigo Invitational (website), indigoinvitational.com.
 
Long, Danielle
2021 Ashton Kutcher, Mila Kunis Shock Internet with Their Shower Habits. ABC News, July 28, 2021, abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/ashton-kutcher-mila-kunis-shock-internet-shower-habits/story?id=79115492.
 
Respers, Lisa
2021 Ashton Kutcher and Mila Kunis Say They Don’t Believe in Bathing Their Kids or Themselves Too Much. CNN, July 27, 2021, www.cnn.com/2021/07/27/ entertainment/ashton-kutcher-mila-kunis-bathing/index.html.
 
Scott, Julia
2014 My No-Soap, No Shampoo, Bacteria-Rich Hygiene Experiment. The New York Times Magazine, May 22, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/magazine/my-no-soap-no-shampoo-bacteria-rich-hygiene-experiment.html.
 
Simon, Scott
2015 No Shower, No Problem—Just Spritz with Bacteria. NPR.com, October 10, 2015, www.npr.org/2015/10/10/447451403/no-shower-no-problem-just-spritz-with-bacteria.
 
Smith, Virginia
2007 Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
 
Ward, Peter
2019 The Clean Body: A Modern History. McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal, Canada.
 
Welin, Matilda
2023 The Rise of the “No-Wash” Movement. BBC.com, May 29, 2023, www.bbc.com/ culture/article/20230529-the-people-who-dont-wash-their-clothes.
 
2024 There’s No Need to Shower Every Day – Here’s Why. BBC.com, April 24, 2024, www.bbc.com/culture/article/20240423-theres-no-need-to-shower-every-day-heres-why.

Episode 46: Why We Do Art OR What’s with All the Scribbles, Doodles, and Ditties?

The Two Humans adjust their berets and trim their goatees before heading off to the coffee house to ask: Why Art? Finger snapping is encouraged.
Episode 46: Why We Do Art OR What’s with All the Scribbles, Doodles, and Ditties?
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Artsper
2022 How a Urinal Changed Art History Forever: The Duchamp Fountain. Artsper Magazine, March 7, 2022, blog.artsper.com/en/a-closer-look/how-a-urinal-changed-art-history-the-duchamp-fountain/.
 
Associated Press
2005 Chimpanzee’s Artwork Auctioned for $25,000. The Seattle Times, June 21, 2005, www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/chimpanzees-artwork-auctioned-for-25000/.
 
Cave, Nick and Sean O’Hagan
2022 Faith, Hope, and Carnage. Picado, New York, NY.
 
Clowney, David
2011 Definitions of Art and Fine Art’s Historical Origins. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Summer 2011, Vol. 69, No. 3 (Summer 2011), pp. 309-320.
 
Cottak, Conrad Phillip
2011 Cultural Anthropology: Appreciating Cultural Diversity, Fourteenth Addition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
 
Daley, Jason
2019 Art by Congo, the Famous Painting Ape, to Go on Sale. Smithsonian Magazine, October 9, 2019, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/dozens-paintings-1950s-chimp-artist-congo-go-sale-180973305/.
 
Davis, Eleanor
2018 Why Art? Fantagraphics Books, Seattle, WA.
Davis, Whitney
1993 Beginning the History of Art. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Summer, 1993, Vol. 51, No. 3, Philosophy and the Histories of the Arts (Summer, 1993), pp. 327-350.
 
Dutton, Denis
2010 The Art Instinct: Beauty, Pleasure & Human Evolution. Bloomsbury Press, New York, NY.
 
Feder, Kenneth L.  and Michael Alan Park
2007 Human Antiquity: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
 
Ferraro, Gary and Susan Andreatta
2012 Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
 
Halverson, John
1987 Art for Art’s Sake in the Paleolithic. Current Anthropology, Feb., 1987, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Feb., 1987), pp. 63-89.
 
Haviland, William A., Dana Walrath, Harold E. L. Prins, and Bunny McBride
2011 Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge, Nineth Edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
 
Janson, H. W. and Anthony F. Janson
1987 A Basic History of Art (Third Edition). Harry N. Abrams, New York, NY.
Keane, Tim
2019 Seeing Ourselves in a Chimpanzee’s Art. Hyperallergic, December 14, 2019, hyperallergic.com/532725/congo-the-chimpanzee-the-birth-of-art-at-the-mayor-gallery/.
 
Mann, Jon
2017 How Duchamp’s Urinal Changed Art Forever. Artsy.net, May 9, 2017, www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-duchamps-urinal-changed-art-forever
 
Mather, George
2021 The Psychology of Art. Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
 
Mayor Gallery
2019 Congo the Chimpanzee (Press Release). Mayor Gallery, www.mayorgallery.com/ exhibitions/549-congo-the-chimpanzee-the-birth-of-art/.
 
Mithen, Steven
1996 The Prehistory of the Mind: A Search for the Origins of Art, Religion, and Science. Phoenix, London, UK.
 
Mullins, Charlotte
2022 A Little History of Art. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. 
 
New World Encyclopedia
2024 Art for Art’s Sake. New World Encyclopedia, www.newworldencyclopedia.org/ entry/Art_for_art%27s_sake#:~:text="Art%20for%20art%27s%20sake"%20is%20the%20usual%20English,became%20a%20bohemian%20slogan%20during%20the%20nineteenth%20century.
 
Pringle, Zorana Ivcevic
2023 Your Brain on Art. Psychology Today, March 7, 2023, www.psychologytoday.com /us/blog/creativity-the-art-and-science/202303/your-brain-on-art.
 
Renfrew, Colin and Paul Bahn
2008 Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice (Fifth Edition). Thames & Hudson, New York, NY.
 
Stokstad, Marilyn
1995 Art History (Volume One). Prentice Hall, Inc. and Harry N. Abrams, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
 
Sullivan, Marisa
2022 Pink Spends Thousands on Abstract ‘Masterpiece’ Painted by Chimps Ahead of Miami Art Exhibit. People, November 30, 2022, people.com/pets/pink-spends-thousands-on-art-painted-by-chimps-ahead-of-miami-art-basel/.
 
Winner, Ellen
2019 How Art Works: A Psychological Exploration. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
 
Young, Damon
2016 It Is and It Isn’t. Aeon, September 22, 2016, aeon.co/essays/how-can-duchamp-s-fountain-be-both-art-and-not-art.

Episode 45: Sawing Logs and Hitting Hay, The Exhausting Labor of Sleep

Get ready to catch some Z’s as The Two Humans grab their blankies and pillows and head to the bedroom to see what’s so exhausting about sleep.
Episode 45: Sawing Logs and Hitting Hay, The Exhausting Labor of Sleep
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
 
Resources:
Akerstedt, Torbjorn
2006 Psychosocial Stress and Impaired Sleep. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, & Health, December 2006, Vol. 32, No. 6 (December 2006), pp. 493-501.
 
Breus, Michael J.
2015 Why Do We Dream? Psychology Today, February 13, 2015, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sleep-newzzz/201502/why-do-we-dream.
 
Cleveland Clinic
2024 Night Vision. Cleveland Clinic (website), my.clevelandclinic.org/health/ articles/24309-night-vision.
2024 Sleep. Cleveland Clinic (website), my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/12148-sleep-basics.
2024 Yawning. Cleveland Clinic (website), my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/yawning.
 
Drerup, Michelle
2022 Why Do We Dream? Cleveland Clinic (website), August 17, 2022, health.clevelandclinic.org/why-do-we-dream.
 
Eagleman, David and Don Vaughn
2020 Why Do We Dream? A New Theory on How It Protects Our Brains. Time, December 29, 2020, time.com/5925206/why-do-we-dream/.
 
Ekirch, A. Roger
2005 At Day’s Close: A History of Nighttime. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, UK.
Gupta, Sharat and Shallu Mittal
2013 Yawning and Its Physiological Significance. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research, 2013, January-June; 3(1), pp. 11-15.
 
Johns Hopkins Medicine
2024 The Science of Sleep: Understanding What Happens When You Sleep. Johns Hopkins Medicine (website), www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/the-science-of-sleep-understanding-what-happens-when-you-sleep.
 
Leschziner, Guy
2019 The Nocturnal Brain: Nightmares, Neuroscience, and the Secret World of Sleep. St. Martin’s Griffin, New York, NY.
 
McLain, Roberta
2023 Why Do We Dream? Maybe to Ensure We Can Literally “See” the World upon Awakening. Scientific American, December 12, 2023, www.scientificamerican. com/article/why-do-we-dream-maybe-to-ensure-we-can-literally-see-the-world-upon-awakening.
 
Miller, Kenneth
2023 Mapping the Darkness: The Visionary Scientists Who Unlocked the Mysteries of Sleep. Hachette Books, New York, NY.
 
National Institutes of Health
2024 Why Is Sleep Important? National Institutes of Health (website), www.nhlbi.nih. gov/health/sleep/why-sleep-important#:~:text.
 
Provine, Robert R.
2005 Yawning: The Yawn Is Primal, Unstoppable, and Contagious, Revealing the Evolutionary and Neural Basis of Empathy and Unconscious Behavior. American Scientist, November-December 2005, Vol. 93, No. 6 (November-December 2005), pp. 532-539.
 
Quante, Mirja, Sara Mariani, Jia Weng, Catherine R. Marinac, et al.
2018 Zeitgebers and their Association with Rest-Activity Patterns. Chronobiology International, October 26, 2018, 36(2), pp. 203-213.
 
Reiss, Benjamin
2017 Wild Nights: How Taming Sleep Created Our Restless World. Basic Books, New York, NY. 
 
Restworks
2024 22 Famous Nappers: How Napping Was These People’s Key to Success. Restworks (website), rest.works/en/article/famous-nappers-in-history/.
 
Roblin, Sebastien
2017 Puerto Rican Assassins Nearly Caught Pres. Harry Truman in His Underwear. War Is Boring, November 20, 2017, warisboring.com/amateur-assassins-trying-to-strike-a-blow-for-puerto-rican-independence-nearly-caught-pres-harry-truman-in-his-underwear/.
 
Tucker, Aimee
2013 Mark Twain Bed / Local Treasure. New England, July 22, 2013, newengland.com/yankee/magazine/mark-twain-bed/.
 
Woolston, Chris
2024 Why Do We Sleep? Researchers Propose an Answer to This Age-Old Question. Washington University (website), January 9, 2024, artsci.wustl.edu/ampersand/ why-do-we-sleep-researchers-propose-answer-age-old-question.
 

Episode 44: How Sweet It Is (and Salty)! The Taste of Being Human

Calling all sugar babies and salty dogs! Grab your sodas and chips and listen while The Two Humans binge on the history of salt and sugar. My tummy doesn’t feel so good…
Episode 44:  How Sweet It Is (and Salty)! The Taste of Being Human
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Aronson, Marc and Marina Budhos
2010 Sugar Changed the World: A Story of Magic, Spice, Slavery, Freedom, and Science. HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY.
 
Bailin, Deborah, Gretchen Goldman, and Pallavi Phartiyal
2014 Sugar-Coating Science: How the Food Industry Misleads Consumers on Sugar. Union of Concerned Scientists, pp. 1-20.
 
Cook, Nancy R., Feng J. He, Graham A. MacGregor, and Niels Graudal
2020 Sodium and Health—Concordance and Controversy. BMJ, June 26, 2020, www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m2440.
 
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
2024 Sodium in Your Diet. FDA website, www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-education-resources-materials/sodium-your-diet#:~:text=Know%20Your%20Numbers&text= Americans%20eat%20on%20average%20about,recommended%20limits%20are%20even%20lower.
 
Freeman, Clara R., Amna Zehra, Veronica Ramirez, Corinde E. Wiers, et al.
2018 Impact of Sugar on the Body, Brain, and Behavior. Frontiers in Bioscience, (Landmark Edition), 23, June 1, 2018, pp. 2255-2266, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 29772560/.
 
Goldman, Gretchen, Christina Carlson, Deborah Bailin, Lindsey Fong, et al.
2014 The Evidence on Added Sugar and Our Health. Union of Concerned Scientists, pp. 4-5.
 
Goodreads
2024 Jean-Paul Sartre Quotes. Goodreads (website), www.goodreads.com/quotes/ 119103-a-kiss-without-a-moustache-they-said-then-is-like.
 
Gravina, Stephen A., Gregory L. Yep, and Mehmood Khan
2013 Human Biology of Taste. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 2013, May-June; 33(3), pp. 217-222, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6078535/.
 
Higman, B. W.
2000 The Sugar Revolution. The Economic History Review, May, 2000, New Series, Vol. 53, No. 2 (May, 2000), pp. 213-236.
 
History.com Editors
2022 Salt March. History.com, August 29, 2022, www.history.com/topics/asian-history/salt-march.
 
Jakle, John A.
1969 Salt on the Ohio Valley Frontier, 1770-1820. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Dec., 1969, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Dec., 1969), pp. 687-709.
 
Kenny, Colin
2012 An Egg without Salt. The University Times, January 18, 2012, universitytimes.ie/ 2012/01/an-egg-without-salt/.
 
Kurlansky, Mark
2002 Salt: A World History. Penguin Books, New York, NY.
 
Laszlo, Pierre
2001 Salt: Grain of Life (Mary Beth Mader, trans.). HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY.
 
McDougall, E. Ann
1990 Salts of the Western Sahara: Myths, Mysteries, and Historical Significance. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 1990, Vol. 23, No. 2 (1990), pp. 231-257.
 
Mente, Andrew, Martin O’Donnell, and Salim Yusuf
2021 Sodium Intake and Health: What Should We Recommend Based on the Current Evidence? Nutrients, 2021 September; 13(9): 3232, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 34579105/.
 
Mintz, Sidney W.
1985 Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History. Penguin Books, New York, NY.
 
Ninomiya, Kumiko
2015 Science of Umami Taste: Adaptation to Gastronomic Culture. Flavour, January 26, 2015, flavourjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-7248-4-13.
 
Nosrat, Samin
2017 Salt Fat Acid Heat. Simon & Schuster, New York, NY.
 
Polan, Dana
2002 Salt. Gastronomica, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Fall 2002), pp. 90-97.
 
Renfew, Colin and Paul Bahn
2008 Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice (Fifth Edition).Thames & Hudson Inc., New York, NY
 
Salzwelten Hallstatt
2024 Archaeology – 7000 Years of History. Salzwelten Hallstatt (website), www.salzwelten.at/en/blog/hallstatt-archaeology.
 
Seki, Katsuhisa
2015 Japanese Proverbs. JTB Blogs USA, August 28, 2015, blog.jtbusa.com/ japanese-proverbs-ao-wa-ai-yori-idete-ai-yori-aoshi-asameshi-mae-no-shigoto-asa-oki-wa-san-mon-no-toku/#:~:text=Aona%20ni%20shio.&text.
 
Sharma, Arun, S. Amarnath, M. Thulasimani, and S. Ramaswamy
2016 Artificial Sweeteners as a Sugar Substitute: Are They Really Safe? Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2016, May-June; 48(3), pp. 237-240, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4899993/.
 
 

Episode 43: Bewitched, Bothered and Burnt, The Honest Truth about Witch Hunts

Double, double, toil and trouble! The Two Humans grab their wands and broomsticks and fly off to discover the truth about witches and witch hunts.
Episode 43: Bewitched, Bothered and Burnt: The Honest Truth about Witch Hunts
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
 
Resources:
Ben-Yehuda, Nachman
1980 The European Witch Craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A Sociologist’s Perspective. American Journal of Sociology, Jul., 1980, Vol. 86, No. 1 (Jul., 1980), pp. 1-31.
 
Caporael, Linnda R.
1976 Ergotism: The Satan Loosed in Salem? Science, New Series, Vol. 192, No. 4234
 
Chollet, Mona
2022 In Defense of Witches: The Legacy of Witch Hunts and Why Women are Still on Trial (Helen Weaver, trans.). St. Martin’s Griffin, New York, NY.
 
Combs, Josiah Henry
1914 Sympathetic Magic in the Kentucky Mountains: Some Curious Folk-Survivals. The Journal of American Folklore, Jul.-Sep., 1914, Vol. 27, No. 105 (Jul.-Sep., 1914), pp. 328-330.
 
Gibson, Marion
2023 Witchcraft: A History in Thirteen Trials. Scribner, New York, NY.
 
Harold, Laura
2023 Magical Thinking in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Verywell Mind, January 3, 2023, www.verywellmind.com/magical-thinking-in-generalized-anxiety-disorder-4151291.
 
Lovering, Cathy
2022 Demystifying Magical Thinking. PsychCentral, April 16, 2022, psychcentral.com/ health/magical-thinking.
Mackay, Christopher S. 
2006 The Hammer of Witches: A Complete Translation of the Malleus Maleficarum. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
 
Matossian, Mary K.
1982 Views: Ergot and the Salem Witchcraft Affair: An Outbreak of a Type of Food Poisoning Known as Convulsive Ergotism May Have Led to the 1692 Accusations of Witchcraft. American Scientist, July-August 1982, Vol. 70, No. 4 (July-August 1982), pp. 355-357.
 
Paste Staff
2023 The 30 Best Movies about Witches. Paste Magazine, October 16, 2023, www.pastemagazine.com/movies/witches/the-25-best-movies-about-witches.
 
Roach, Marilynne K.
2002 The Salem Witch Trials: A Day-by-Day Chronicle of a Community under Siege. Taylor Trade Publishing, Lanham, MD.
 
Schoeneman, Thomas J.
1975 The Witch Hunt as a Culture Change Phenomenon. Ethos, Winter, 1975, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Winter 1975), pp. 529-554.
 
Simmons, Marc
1980 Witchcraft in the Southwest: Spanish and Indian Supernaturalism on the Rio Grande. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE.
 
Snow, Loudell
1979 Mail Order Magic: The Commercial Exploitation of Folk Belief. Journal of the Folklore Institute, Jan. - Aug., 1979, Vol. 16, No. 1/2 (Jan. – Aug., 1979), pp. 44-74.
 
Wilgorin, Jodi
1999 Don’t Give Us Little Wizards, The Anti-Potter Parents Cry. The New York Times, November 1, 1999, www.nytimes.com/1999/11/01/us/don-t-give-us-little-wizards-the-anti-potter-parents-cry.html.
 
Yu, Mallory
2020 Opinion: Harry Potter’s Magic Fades When His Creator Tweets. NPR, June 10, 2020

Episode 42: Forensic Anthropology in Action OR If Professor Plum Dies, How Long before He Becomes a Professor Prune?

The Two Humans follow in the footsteps of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson as they investigate the history of forensic anthropology.
Episode 42: Forensic Anthropology in Action OR If Professor Plum Dies, How Long before He Becomes a Professor Prune?
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Bass, Bill and Jon Jefferson
2003 Death’s Acre. Berkley Books, New York, NY.
 
Burns, Karen Ramey
2013 Forensic Anthropology Training Manual (Third Edition). Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. 
 
Byers, Steven N.
2011 Forensic Anthropology (Fourth Edition). Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
 
Center for the History of Medicine
2023 Thomas Dwight. Center for the History of Medicine, Harvard Countway Library (website), collections.countway.harvard.edu/onview/exhibits/show/nature-of-every-member/thomas-dwight.
 
Chicagology
2023 1897—Sausage Vat Murder. Chicagology (website), chicagology.com/notorious-chicago/sausagevatmurder/.
 
Cleveland Police Museum
2020 Criminal Identification: The Bertillon System. Cleveland Police Museum (website), April 7, 2020, www.clevelandpolicemuseum.org/historical/criminal-identification-the-bertillion-system/.
 
Corrieri, Brigida and Nicholas Marquez-Grant
2015 What Do Bones Tell Us? The Study of Human Skeletons from the Perspective of Forensic Anthropology. Science Progress (1933 - ), Vol. 98, No. 4 (2015), pp. 391-402.
 
Dutchen, Stepanie
2013 Head of the Class: Giant Skull and Foot Models Donated to Warren Anatomical Museum. Harvard Medical School (website), November 21, 2013, hms.harvard.edu/news/head-class.
 
Eschner, Kat
2017 William R. Maples Popularized Forensic Anthropology Long Before CSI. Smithsonian Magazine, August 7, 2017, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/william-r-maples-popularized-forensic-anthropology-long-csi-180964317/.
 
Flower, Amanda
2018 What Exactly Is a Cozy Mystery? Publishers Weekly, May 18, 2018. www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/tip-sheet/article/76834-the-enduring-appeal-of-the-cozy-mystery.html.
 
Fosdick, Raymond B.
1915 The Passing of the Bertillon System of Identification. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, Sep., 1915, Vol. 6, No. 3 (Sep., 1915), pp. 363-369.
 
Hogan, Corinne
2019 Murder in the Medical School: The Parkman-Webster Case, Boston 1849-1850. Royal College of Surgeons of England (website), April 12, 2019, www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/library/blog/murder-in-the-medical-school/.
 
Killgrove, Kristina
2016 How a Harvard Doctor’s Sordid Murder Launched Modern Forensic Anthropology. Forbes, August 26, 2016, www.forbes.com/sites/kristinakillgrove/ 2016/08/26/how-a-harvard-doctors-sordid-murder-launched-modern-forensic-anthropology/?sh=40b7bdaebe9f .
 
Manheim, Mary H.
1999 The Bone Lady. Penguin Books, New York, NY.
 
PBS
2003 The Murder of Dr. Parkman. American Experience, July 14, 2003, www.pbs.org/ wgbh/americanexperience/features/murder-dr-parkman/.
 
Popovici, Alice
2023 The Game Clue Was Borne of Boredom During WWII Air-Raid Blackouts. History.com, October 16, 2023, www.history.com/news/clue-game-origin-wwii.
 
Snow, Clyde Collins
1982 Forensic Anthropology. Annual Review of Anthropology, 1982, Vol. 11 (1982), pp. 97-131.
 
Whipple, Amy
2023 Forensic Anthropology Tools of the Trade. PBS, October 9, 2023, www.pbs.org/ independentlens/blog/forensic-anthropology-tools-of-the-trade/.
 

Episode 41: Man—It’s What’s for Dinner

Hey, Grandpa, what’s for supper?! The Two Humans try to keep it “tasteful” as they discuss the history of cannibalism. We’ll provide the fava beans, you bring the chianti.
Episode 41: Man—It’s What’s for Dinner
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Avramescu, Catalin
2009 An Intellectual History of Cannibalism (Alistair Ian Blyth, trans.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
 
Benjamin, Kathy
2013 Funerals to Die For: The Craziest, Creepiest, and Most Bizarre Funeral Traditions and Practices Ever. Adams Media, Avon MA.
 
Byard, Roger W.
2023 Cannibalism—Overview and Medicolegal Issues. Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology, Vol. 19(2), pp. 281-287, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC10328901/.
 
Camping-Harris, Marnie
2023 Cannibal King: What Exactly Were the King’s Drops? Retrospect Journal, February 19, 2023, retrospectjournal.com/2023/02/19/cannibal-king-what-exactly-were-the-kings-drops/.
 
Charnock, Richard Stephen
1866 Cannibalism in Europe. Journal of Anthropological Society of London, 1866, Vol. 4 (1866), pp. xxii-xxxi.
 
Chen, Angus
2017 Cannibalism: It’s ‘Perfectly Natural,’ A New Scientific History Argues. NPR, February 22, 2017, www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/02/22/515668867/ cannibalism-its-perfectly-natural-a-new-scientific-history-argues.
 
Eckholm, Erik
1986 What Is the Meaning of Cannibalism? The New York Times, December 9, 1986, www.nytimes.com/1986/12/09/science/what-is-the-meaning-of-cannibalism.html.
 
Feder, Kenneth L.  and Michael Alan Park
2007 Human Antiquity: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
 
Hardon, Henry Winthrop
1886 The Case of the Mignonette. The Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute, Vol. 12/2/37, www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1886/april/case-mignonette.
 
King, C. Richard
2000 The (Mis)Uses of Cannibalism in Contemporary Cultural Critique. Diacritics, Spring, 2000, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Spring, 2000), pp. 106-123.
 
Lindenbaum, Shirley
2004 Thinking about Cannibalism. Annual Review of Anthropology, 2004, Vol. 33 (2004), pp. 475-498.
 
May, Natasha and Sharlotte Thou
2024 Kuru: Unravelling the Mystery that Left Entire Papua New Guinean Villages without Women. The Guardian, March 23, 2024, www.theguardian.com/world/ 2024/mar/24/tremors-before-death-unravelling-the-mystery-disease-that-left-entire-papua-new-guinean-villages-without-women?ref=upstract.com.
 
New England Historical Society
2023 The Boon Island Cannibals of Maine. The New England Historical Society, newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/the-boon-island-cannibals-of-maine/.
 
Petrinovich, Lewis
2000 The Cannibal Within. Taylor & Francis Group, Abingdon, UK.
 
Renfrew, Colin and Paul Bahn
2008 Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice (Fifth Edition). Thames & Hudson, New York, NY.
 
Roberts, Alice
2018 Evolution: The Human Story (Second Edition). Dorling Kindersley, New York, NY.
 
Schutt, Bill 
2018 Cannibalism: A Perfectly Natural History. Algonquin Books, Chapel Hill, NC.
 
Thomas, Ben
2017 Eating People Is Wrong—But It’s Also Widespread and Sacred. SAPIENS, April 20, 2017, www.sapiens.org/biology/cannibalism-ritualized-sacred/.
 
Walters, Donna K. H.
1992 Beef Goes Back to Basics: New Advertising Shrugs Off Nutrition, Stresses Convenience. The Los Angeles Times, August 1, 1992, www.latimes.com/ archives/ la-xpm-1992-08-01-fi-4336-story.html.
 
Wetmore, Jr., Kevin J. 
2021 Eaters of the Dead: Myths and Realities of Cannibal Monsters. Reaktion Books Ltd., London, UK.
 
Worrall, Simon
2017 Cannibalism—the Ultimate Taboo—Is Surprisingly Common. National Geographic, February 19, 2017, www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/ cannibalism-common-natural-history-bill-schutt.

Episode 40: Pour Some Garum on Me

To celebrate their 40th episode, The Two Humans have an authentic Roman orgy…of food! Togas NOT required (in fact, they’re downright discouraged).
Episode 40: Pour Some Garum on Me
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Brown, Shelby
2012 Reclining and Dining (and Drinking) in Ancient Rome. Getty Iris, August 10, 2012, blogs.getty.edu/iris/reclining-and-dining-and-drinking-in-ancient-rome/.
 
Castleman, Michael
2018 Orgies through the Ages. Psychology Today, September 4, 2018, www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/all-about-sex/201809/orgies-through-the-ages.
 
Chrystal, Paul
2017 In Bed with the Romans. Amberley Publishing, Gloucestershire, UK.
 
Curry, Andrew
2008 The Gladiator Diet. Archaeology, November/December 2008, Vol. 61, No. 6 (November/December 2008), pp. 28-30.
 
De Rubeis, Marco Gavio
2020 Ancient Roman Cooking: Ingredients, Recipes, Sources. I Doni delle Muse – Historical Italian Cooking, Coppell, TX.
 
Duffy, Susanna
2022 Six Ancient Roman Recipes. Delishably, December 9, 2022, delishably.com/ world-cuisine/ancient-food-rome.
 
Iacob, Anisia
2022 Food and Culinary Customs in Ancient Rome. The Collector, March 24, 2022, www.thecollector.com/food-in-ancient-rome/.
 
Janssen, Ursula
2020 Garum: Recipes from the Past. Independently Published, Coppell, TX.
 
Marchetti, Silvia
2023 Lying Down and Vomiting between Courses: This Is How Ancient Romans Would Feast. CNN, December 24, 2023, edition.cnn.com/style/how-ancient-romans-feasted/index.html.
 
Martyris, Nina
2019 The Lavish Roman Banquet: A Calculated Display of Debauchery and Power. NPR, May 20, 2019, www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/05/20/712772285/the-lavish-roman-banquet-a-calculated-display-of-debauchery-and-power.
 
Masters, Steven
2023 Gastronomical Time Travel. JAM Cookbook Publishers, Coppell, TX.
 
Matyszak, Philip
2007 Ancient Rome on 5 Denarii a Day. Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, UK.
 
Migdol, Erin
2020 What Did Ancient Romans Eat? Getty Iris, November 20, 2020, www.getty.edu/ news/what-did-ancient-romans-eat/.
 
Raff, Katharine
2011 The Roman Banquet. MetMuseum.org, October 2011, www.metmuseum. org/toah/hd/banq/hd_banq.htm.
 
Raimer, Carla
2000 Ancient Roman Recipes. Nova, October 31, 2000, www.pbs.org/ wgbh/nova/article/roman-recipes/.
 
Sheldon, Natasha
2022 Ancient Roman Dining. History and Archaeology Online, July 21, 2022, historyandarchaeologyonline.com/ancient-roman-dining/.
 
Tavola Mediterranea
2023 Pistrinum by Tavola Mediterranea (website), tavolamediterranea.com /2022/04/19/pistrinum/.
 
Visser, Margaret
1991 The Rituals of Dinner: The Origins, Evolution, Eccentricities and Meaning of Table Manners. Grove Weidenfeld, New York, NY.
 

Episode 39: And It Stoned Me Just Like Jelly Roll, The Mind-Blowing Genius of Prehistoric Stone Tools

The Two Humans get totally stoned as they travel back in time to see what made prehistoric toolmakers so brilliant. Safety glasses and leather gloves required!
Episode 39: And It Stoned Me Just Like Jelly Roll, The Mind-Blowing Genius of Prehistoric Stone Tools
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Ambrose, Stanley H. 
2010 Coevolution of Composite-Tool Technology, Constructive Memory, and Language: Implications for the Evolution of Modern Human Behavior. Current Anthropology, Vol. 51, Working Memory: Beyond Language and Symbolism (June 2010), pp. S135-S147.
Balter, Michael
2015 World’s Oldest Stone Tools Discovered in Kenya. Science, April 14, 2015, www.science.org/content/article/world-s-oldest-stone-tools-discovered-kenya.
Bradley, Bruce 
1999 Flintknapping with Bruce Bradley [DVD]. Interpark, Inc.
Cotterell, Brian and Johan Kaminga
1987 The Formation of Flakes. American Antiquity, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Oct., 1987), pp. 675-708.
De la Torre, Ignacio
2011 The Origins of Stone Tool Technology in Africa: A Historical Perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, April 12, 2011; 366 (1567), pp. 1028-1037, royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2010.0350.
Feder, Kenneth L.  and Michael Alan Park
2007 Human Antiquity: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Frison, George C.
1989 Experimental Use of Clovis Weaponry and Tools on African Elephants. American Antiquity, Oct., 1989, Vol. 54, No. 4 (Oct., 1989), pp. 766-784.
Greene, Kevin and Tom Moore
2010 Archaeology: An Introduction (Fifth Edition). Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
Greenfield, Haskel J.
2006 Slicing Cut Marks on Animal Bones: Diagnostics for Identifying Stone Tool Type and Raw Material. Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Summer 2006), pp. 147-163.
Haviland, William A., Dana Walrath, Harold E. L. Prins, and Bunny McBride
2011 Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge, Nineth Edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
Huber, Chris
2023 The Meaning of Van Morrison’s ‘And It Stoned Me.’ Extra Chill, April 1, 2023, extrachill.com/van-morrison-and-it-stoned-me-meaning.
Kottak, Conrad Phillip 
2011 Cultural Appreciation: Appreciating Cultural Diversity (Fourteenth Edition). McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Louys, Julien and Thomas Plummer
2023 We Found 2.9-million-year-old Stone Tools Used to Butcher Ancient Hippos – But Likely Not by Our Ancestors. The Leakey Foundation, February 10, 2023, leakeyfoundation.org/we-found-2-9-million-year-old-stone-tools/.
Little, Rebecca
2024 The Meaning Behind the Song: And It Stoned Me. Old Time Music, February 9, 2024, oldtimemusic.com/w3/the-meaning-behind-the-song-it-stoned-me-by-van-morrison/.
Metcalfe, Tom
2023 3-million-year-old Stone Tools Found, and Our Ancestors Likely Didn’t Make Them. National Geographic, February 10, 2023, www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/ history-and-civilisation/2023/02/3-million-year-old-stone-tools-found-and-our-ancestors-likely-didnt-make-them.
Patterson, Leland w.
1983 Criteria for Determining the Attributes of Man-Made Lithics. Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Autumn, 1983), pp. 297-307.
Renfrew, Colin and Paul Bahn
2008 Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice (Fifth Edition). Thames & Hudson, New York, NY.
Roberts, Alice
2018 Evolution: The Human Story (Second Edition). Dorling Kindersley, New York, NY.
Toth, Nicholas and Kathy Schick
2009 The Oldowan: The Tool Making of Early Hominins and Chimpanzees Compared. Annual Review of Anthropology, 2009, Vol. 38 (2009), pp. 289-298.
Whittaker, John C.
1994 Flintknapping: Making & Understanding Stone Tools. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.
 

Episode 38: “Can’t You Make Him a Pair of Marble Underwear?” Is It Art or Is It Pornography?

Is it possible for a 2000-year-old statue to be “hot”? The Two Humans put on their trench coats and head to the art museum to find out the real reason we’re not allowed to fondle—I mean, touch—the artwork.
Episode 38: “Can’t You Make Him a Pair of Marble Underwear?” Is It Art or Is It Pornography?
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
 
Resources:
Artfinder
2024 So, What’s the Difference between Art and Porn? Artfinder, accessed March 2, 2024, www.artfinder.com/blog/post/art-vs-porn/#/.
 
Cohen, Alina
2018 What’s the Line between Art and Pornography? Artsy.net, April 3, 2018, www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-art-pornography.
 
Dennis, Kelly
2009 Art/Porn: A History of Seeing and Touching. Berg, Oxford, UK.
 
Eko, Lyombe
2016 The Regulation of Sex-Themed Visual Imagery: From Clay Tablets to Tablet Computers. Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, UK.
 
Hunt, Lynn
1993 Introduction: Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, 1500-1800. The Invention of Pornography: Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, 1500-1800 (ed. Lynn Hunt). Zone Books, New York. 
 
Jones, Stefanie Dion
2009 Art or Porn? Professor’s Book Suggests Distinction Not Always Clear. UConn Today, October 6, 2009, today.uconn.edu/2009/10/art-or-porn-professor’s-book-suggests-distinction-not-always-clear/.
 
Kim, Juliana
2023 A Principal Is Fired, Invited to Italy after Students Are Shown Michelangelo’s ‘David.’ NPR, March 27, 2023, www.npr.org/2023/03/27/1166079167/ tallahassee-classical-michelangelo-david-principal-fired.
 
Laqueur, Thomas
2003 Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturbation. Zone Books, New York, NY.
 
Nead, Lynda
1990 The Female Nude: Pornography, Art, and Sexuality. Signs, Winter, 1990, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Winter, 1990), pp. 323-335.
1992 The Female Nude: Art, Obscenity and Sexuality. Routledge, London, UK.
 
Professor Lise
2019 Art 101: What’s the Difference between Porn and Art? CBC, March 19, 2019, www.cbc.ca/arts/art-101-what-s-the-difference-between-porn-and-art-1.5062752.
 
Rea, Michael C.
2001 What is Pornography? Nous, Mar., 2001, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Mar., 2001), pp. 118-145.
 
The Gallerist
2020 What Is the Difference between Art, Erotica, and Pornography? The Gallerist, April 8, 2020, thegallerist.art/sacred-sexuality-erotica-vs-pornography/.
 
Yang, Maya
2023 Florida Principal Resigns after Parents Decry Michelangelo’s David as Pornography. The Guardian, March 25, 2023, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/mar/25/florida-principal-resigns-michelangelo-david.

Episode 37: What’s That on Your Face?! News and Notes about Noses

The Two Humans dig deep as they probe everything nasal, from picking your nose to nose jobs. You better have a tissue handy (and it’s not for tears)!
Episode 37: What’s That on Your Face?! News and Notes about Noses
An Intro to Anthro with 2 Humans
Human Number One, John McCray, and Human Number Two, John Lehr, re-assess what it means to be human.
http://www.intro2anthro.podbean.com https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093893313542
IG @introtoanthrowith2humans
Resources:
Gilman, Sander L.
1999 Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Glaser, Gabrielle
2002 The Nose: A Profile of Sex, Beauty, and Survival. Atria Books, New York, NY.
Goldman, Jason G.
2015 Why Do We Pick Our Nose? BBC, February 2, 2015, www.bbc.com/ future/article/20150202-why-do-we-pick-our-nose.
Gould, Francesca
2007 Why You Shouldn’t Eat Your Boogers. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, NY.
Haviland, William A., Dana Walrath, Harald E. L. Prins, and Bunny McBride
2011 Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
Holland, Kimberly
2019 Is It Dangerous for Me to Pick My Nose, and How Do I Stop? Healthline, March 22, 2019, www.healthline.com/health/nose-picking.
Jabet, George
1859 Notes on Noses. Richard Bentley, London, UK.
Macgregor, Frances
1967 Social and Cultural Components in the Motivations of Persons Seeking Plastic Surgery. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Jun., 1967, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Jun., 1967), pp. 125-135.
Messer, A’ndrea Elyse
2017 Nose Form Was Shaped by Climate. ScienceDaily, March 16, 2017, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/03/170316141054.htm.
Nall, Rachel
2023 Is It Bad to Eat Your Boogers? Healthline, September 25, 2023, www.healthline.com/health/eating-boogers.
Panko, Ben
2017 How Climate Helped Shape Your Nose. Smithsonian Magazine, March 16, 2017, www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-climate-changed-shape-your-nose-180962567/.
Pease, Arthur Stanley
1911 The Omen of Sneezing. Classical Philology, Oct., 1911, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Oct., 1911), pp. 429-443.
Van der Horst, Pieter W.
2013 The Omen of Sneezing. Ancient Society, 2013, Vol. 43 (2013), pp. 213-221.
Wallis, Wilson D.
1919 The Romance and the Tragedy of Sneezing. The Scientific Monthly, Dec., 1919, Vol. 9, No. 6 (Dec., 1919), pp. 526-538.
Werner, R.
1973 Nose Flute Blowers of the Malayan Aborigines (Orang Asli). Anthropos, 1973, Bd. 68, H. 1./2. (1973), pp. 181-191.
Wu, Katherine
2020 Don’t Pick Your Nose, 15th-Century Manners Book Warns. Smithsonian Magazine, February 27, 2020, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/dont-pick-your-nose-15th-century-manners-book-warns-180974291/.
Zaidi, Arslan A., Brooke C. Mattern, Peter Claes, Brian McEcoy, Cris Hughes, and Mark D. Shriver
2017 Investigating the Case of Human Nose Shape and Climate. Plos Genetics, March 16, 2017, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5354252/